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Learning dynamical systems properties from data provides important insights that help us understand such systems and mitigate undesired outcomes. In this work, we propose a framework for learning spatio-temporal (ST) properties as formal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Suhail Alsalehi , Erfan Aasi , Ron Weiss , Calin Belta

Machine learning techniques using neural networks have achieved promising success for time-series data classification. However, the models that they produce are challenging to verify and interpret. In this paper, we propose an explainable…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Danyang Li , Mingyu Cai , Cristian-Ioan Vasile , Roberto Tron

In many applications, the integrals and derivatives of signals carry valuable information (e.g., cumulative success over a time window, the rate of change) regarding the behavior of the underlying system. In this paper, we extend the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-03-29 Ali Tevfik Buyukkocak , Derya Aksaray , Yasin Yazıcıoğlu

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is a widely recognized formal specification language to express rigorous temporal requirements on mixed analog signals produced by cyber-physical systems (CPS). A relevant problem in CPS design is how to…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Beatrice Melani , Ezio Bartocci , Michele Chiari

Online monitoring is an effective validation approach for hybrid systems, that, at runtime, checks whether the (partial) signals of a system satisfy a specification in, e.g., Signal Temporal Logic (STL). The classic STL monitoring is…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-30 Zhenya Zhang , Jie An , Paolo Arcaini , Ichiro Hasuo

Much of the recent work developing formal methods techniques to specify or learn the behavior of autonomous systems is predicated on a belief that formal specifications are interpretable and useful for humans when checking systems. Though…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Ho Chit Siu , Kevin Leahy , Makai Mann

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) robustness is a common objective for optimal robot control, but its dependence on history limits the robot's decision-making capabilities when used in Model Predictive Control (MPC) approaches. In this work, we…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-19 Roland Ilyes , Lara Brudermüller , Nick Hawes , Bruno Lacerda

We present GradSTL, the first fully comprehensive implementation of signal temporal logic (STL) suitable for integration with neurosymbolic learning. In particular, GradSTL can successfully evaluate any STL constraint over any signal,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Mark Chevallier , Filip Smola , Richard Schmoetten , Jacques D. Fleuriot

Real-time and human-interpretable decision-making in cyber-physical systems is a significant but challenging task, which usually requires predictions of possible future events from limited data. In this paper, we introduce a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-30 Erfan Aasi , Mingyu Cai , Cristian Ioan Vasile , Calin Belta

Autonomous agents often operate in uncertain environments where their decisions are made based on beliefs over states of targets. We are interested in controller synthesis for complex tasks defined over belief spaces. Designing such…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2015-10-30 Chanyeol Yoo , Calin Belta

Signal temporal logic (STL) is a powerful formalism for specifying various temporal properties in dynamical systems. However, existing methods, such as mixed-integer programming and nonlinear programming, often struggle to efficiently solve…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-15 Yoshinari Takayama , Kazumune Hashimoto , Toshiyuki Ohtsuka

Temporal logic inference is the process of extracting formal descriptions of system behaviors from data in the form of temporal logic formulas. The existing temporal logic inference methods mostly neglect uncertainties in the data, which…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Nasim Baharisangari , Jean-Raphaël Gaglione , Daniel Neider , Ufuk Topcu , Zhe Xu

We present a mathematical programming-based method for model predictive control of cyber-physical systems subject to signal temporal logic (STL) specifications. We describe the use of STL to specify a wide range of properties of these…

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is a powerful formal language for specifying real-time specifications of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). Transforming specifications written in natural language into STL formulas automatically has attracted…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Yue Fang , Jin Zhi , Jie An , Hongshen Chen , Xiaohong Chen , Naijun Zhan

We propose a signal temporal logic (STL)-based framework that rigorously verifies the feasibility of a mission described in STL and synthesizes control to safely execute it. The proposed framework ensures safe and reliable operation through…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-27 Joonwon Choi , Kartik Anand Pant , Youngim Nam , Henry Hellmann , Karthik Nune , Inseok Hwang

We propose the Robustness Temporal Logic (RobTL), a novel temporal logic for the specification and analysis of distances between the behaviours of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) over a finite time horizon. Differently from classical temporal…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Valentina Castiglioni , Michele Loreti , Simone Tini

Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) is the standard specification language for reactive systems and is successfully applied in industrial settings. However, many shortcomings of LTL have been identified in the literature, among them the limited…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-04-30 Daniel Neider , Alexander Weinert , Martin Zimmermann

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) provides a convenient way of encoding complex control objectives for robotic and cyber-physical systems. The state-of-the-art in trajectory synthesis for STL is based on Mixed-Integer Convex Programming (MICP).…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-04 Vince Kurtz , Hai Lin

Real-world scenarios are characterized by timing uncertainties, e.g., delays, and disturbances. Algorithms with temporal robustness are crucial in guaranteeing the successful execution of tasks and missions in such scenarios. We study…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-19 Nhan-Khanh Le , Erfaun Noorani , Sandra Hirche , John Baras

Although it is widely accepted that every system should be robust, in the sense that "small" violations of environment assumptions should lead to "small" violations of system guarantees, it is less clear how to make this intuitive notion of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-11-02 Paulo Tabuada , Daniel Neider