Related papers: Electromagnetic field expectations as measures of …
We show that the standard method of introducing the quantum description of the electromagnetic field -- by canonical field quantization -- is not the only one. We have chosen here the relativistic quantum mechanics of the photon as the…
Photons are almost involved in each field of science and daily life of everyone. However, there are still some fundamental and puzzling questions such as what a photon is.The expressions of electromagnetic fields of a photon are here…
The realization that electron localization in disordered systems (Anderson localization) is ultimately a wave phenomenon has led to the suggestion that photons could be similarly localized by disorder. This conjecture attracted wide…
In this work, a constant and uniform magnetic field is less than the Schwinger critical value. In turn, an additional constant and uniform electric field is taken much smaller than the magnetic field value. The propagation of a photon in…
Description of detection and emission in terms of the photon localization is discussed. It is shown that the standard representation of plane waves of photons should be revised to take into consideration the boundary conditions caused by…
Electron localization is the tendency of an electron in a many-body system to exclude other electrons from its vicinity. Using a new natural measure of localization based on the exact manyelectron wavefunction, we find that localization can…
In the standard model of particle physics, photons are mass-less particles with a particular dispersion relation. Tests of this claim at different scales are both interesting and important. Experiments in territory labs and several…
Signatures of photon localization are observed in a constellation of transport phenomena which reflect the transition from diffusive to localized waves. The dimensionless conductance, g, and the ratio of the typical spectral width and…
Partial electron localization in a finite-size superlattice placed in an electric field is considered. The role of electric field in forming of quasilocalized states is investigated. A quantitative criterion for the degree of partial…
The positive operator valued measure (POVM) for a photon counting array detector is derived and found to equal photon flux density integrated over pixel area and measurement time. Since photon flux density equals number density multiplied…
The electromagnetic field inside a spherical cavity of large radius R is considered in the presence of stationary charge and current densities. R provides infra-red regularization while maintaining gauge invariance. The quantum ground state…
In contradistinction to a widespread belief that the spatial localization of photons is restricted by a power-law falloff of the photon energy density, I.Bialynicki-Birula [Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 5247 (1998)] has proved that any stronger --…
For the magnetic field in order of the Schwinger critical value or much larger it, the effective mass of a real photon with a preset polarization is investigated in the energy region including two lower creation thresholds of electron and…
The purpose of this article is to give a result of localization in space of the ground states photons, in some sense, of a Hamiltonian modelling nuclear magnetic resonance in quantum electrodynamics. The asymptotics at infinity obtained for…
A class of strictly localized states which can be made arbitrarily close to single photons is constructed, and expressions for central properties are provided. It is demonstrated that single photon states can be well approximated by these…
We consider the lattice analog of a recently proposed continuum model for the propagation of one- and two-photon states in a random medium. We find that there is localization of single photons in an energy band centered at the resonant…
Improved measurements of the proton's structure are now possible thanks to significant technical advances that allow us to probe the proton with polarized photons. These measurements have shown that the proton is not as simple as previously…
The paper focuses on the problem of localization in quantum mechanics. It is well known that it is not possible to define a localization observable for the photon by means of projection valued measures. Conversely, that is possible by using…
Understanding electron localization in molecules and materials plays a central role in electronic structure theory, and will increase in importance with the rise of data-driven approaches. The electron localization function (ELF) is widely…
The polarization operator in a constant and homogeneous magnetic field of arbitrary strength is investigated on mass shell. The calculations are carried out at all photon energies higher the pair creation threshold as well as lower this…