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We describe a method of automatic feedback provision for students learning programming and computational methods in Python. We have implemented, used and refined this system since 2009 for growing student numbers, and summarise the design…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2015-09-14 Hans Fangohr , Neil O'Brien , Anil Prabhakar , Arti Kashyap

Automatic Question Answering (QA) systems rely on contextual information to provide accurate answers. Commonly, contexts are prepared through either retrieval-based or generation-based methods. The former involves retrieving relevant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Jamshid Mozafari , Abdelrahman Abdallah , Bhawna Piryani , Adam Jatowt

Structural induction is a proof technique that is widely used to prove statements about discrete structures. Students find it hard to construct inductive proofs, and when learning to construct such proofs, receiving feedback is important.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-03-02 Josje Lodder , Bastiaan Heeren , Johan Jeuring

The kind of help a student receives during a task has been shown to play a significant role in their learning process. We designed an interaction scenario with a robotic tutor, in real-life settings based on an inquiry-based learning task.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2018-06-21 Maria Blancas-Muñoz , Vasiliki Vouloutsi , Riccardo Zucca , Anna Mura , Paul F. M. J. Verschure

When giving automated feedback to a student working on a beginner's exercise, many programming tutors run into a completeness problem. On the one hand, we want a student to experiment freely. On the other hand, we want a student to write…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Niek Mulleners , Johan Jeuring , Bastiaan Heeren

Model based reinforcement learning has proven to be more sample efficient than model free methods. On the other hand, the construction of a dynamics model in model based reinforcement learning has increased complexity. Data processing tasks…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2023-01-11 Sarod Yatawatta

The prevalence of online platforms and studies has generated the demand for automated grading tools, and as a result, there are plenty in the market. Such tools are developed to grade coding assignments quickly, accurately, and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Aditi Agrawal , Benjamin Reed

Program synthesis aims to automatically construct human-readable programs that satisfy given task specifications, such as input/output pairs or demonstrations. Recent works have demonstrated encouraging results in a variety of domains, such…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-13 Linghan Zhong , Ryan Lindeborg , Jesse Zhang , Joseph J. Lim , Shao-Hua Sun

The introductory programming sequence has been the focus of much research in computing education. The recent advent of several viable and freely-available AI-driven code generation tools present several immediate opportunities and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-12-05 Brett A. Becker , Paul Denny , James Finnie-Ansley , Andrew Luxton-Reilly , James Prather , Eddie Antonio Santos

Parsing (also called syntax analysis) techniques cover a substantial portion of any undergraduate Compiler Design course. We present ParseIT, a tool to help students understand the parsing techniques through question-answering. ParseIT…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2017-02-03 Amey Karkare , Nimisha Agarwal

We conducted a systematic literature review on automated grading and feedback tools for programming education. We analysed 121 research papers from 2017 to 2021 inclusive and categorised them based on skills assessed, approach, language…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Marcus Messer , Neil C. C. Brown , Michael Kölling , Miaojing Shi

With the recent rapid increase in digitization across all major industries, acquiring programming skills has increased the demand for introductory programming courses. This has further resulted in universities integrating programming…

This review examines the role of artificial intelligence (AI) agents in programming education, focusing on how these tools are being integrated into educational practice and their impact on student learning outcomes. An analysis of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Said Elnaffar , Farzad Rashidi , Abedallah Zaid Abualkishik

Intelligent tutoring systems have long enabled automated immediate feedback on student work when it is presented in a tightly structured format and when problems are very constrained, but reliably assessing free-form mathematical reasoning…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Aron Gohr , Marie-Amelie Lawn , Kevin Gao , Inigo Serjeant , Stephen Heslip

Existing work on generating hints in Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) focuses mostly on manual and non-personalized feedback. In this work, we explore automatically generated questions as personalized feedback in an ITS. Our personalized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-10 Devang Kulshreshtha , Muhammad Shayan , Robert Belfer , Siva Reddy , Iulian Vlad Serban , Ekaterina Kochmar

Feedback is one of the most crucial components to facilitate effective learning. With the rise of large language models (LLMs) in recent years, research in programming education has increasingly focused on automated feedback generation to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Niklas Scholz , Manh Hung Nguyen , Adish Singla , Tomohiro Nagashima

Automated testing tools typically create test cases that are different from what human testers create. This often makes the tools less effective, the created tests harder to understand, and thus results in tools providing less support to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Eduard Enoiu , Robert Feldt

Providing feedback on programming assignments manually is a tedious, error prone, and time-consuming task. In this paper, we motivate and address the problem of generating feedback on performance aspects in introductory programming…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2014-09-18 Sumit Gulwani , Ivan Radiček , Florian Zuleger

The role that highly curated knowledge, provided by domain experts, could play in creating effective tutoring systems is often overlooked within the AI for education community. In this paper, we highlight this topic by discussing two ways…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Sarath Sreedharan , Kelsey Sikes , Nathaniel Blanchard , Lisa Mason , Nikhil Krishnaswamy , Jill Zarestky

Prompt engineering is crucial for achieving reliable and effective outputs from large language models (LLMs), but its design requires specialized knowledge of prompting techniques and a deep understanding of target tasks. To address this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Yohei Ikenoue , Hitomi Tashiro , Shigeru Kuroyanagi