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Qubits are a great way to build a quantum computer, but a limited way to program one. We replace the usual "states and gates" formalism with a "props and ops" (propositions and operators) model in which (a) the C*-algebra of observables…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-08 David Wakeham

Quantitative algebras (QAs) are algebras over metric spaces defined by quantitative equational theories as introduced by the same authors in a related paper presented at LICS 2016. These algebras provide the mathematical foundation for…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-04-06 Radu Mardare , Prakash Panangaden , Gordon Plotkin

Most continuous mathematical formulations arising in science and engineering can only be solved numerically and therefore approximately. We shall always assume that we're dealing with a numerical approximation to the solution. There are two…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-12-10 A. Papageorgiou , J. F. Traub

Qubits have been designed in the framework of quantum mechanics. Attempts to formulate the problem in the language of quantum field theory have been proposed already. In this short note we refine the meaning of qubits within the framework…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-03 Jacques Calmet , Xavier Calmet

Quantum computing is usually associated with discrete quantum states and physical quantities possessing discrete eigenvalue spectrum. However, quantum computing in general is any computation accomplished by the exploitation of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-06 Samantha Buck , Robin Coleman , Hayk Sargsyan

Generalised observables (POM observables) are necessary for representing all possible measurements on a quantum system. Useful algebraic operations such as addition and multiplication are defined for these observables, recovering many…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 Michael J. W. Hall

Quantum physics frequently involves a need to count the states, subspaces, measurement outcomes, and other elements of quantum dynamics. However, with quantum mechanics assigning probabilities to such objects, it is often desirable to work…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-26 Ivan Horváth , Robert Mendris

A strong confluence result for Q*, a quantum lambda-calculus with measurements, is proved. More precisely, confluence is shown to hold both for finite and infinite computations. The technique used in the confluence proof is syntactical but…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2009-05-29 Ugo Dal Lago , Andrea Masini , Margherita Zorzi

We discuss the role of propositions, truth, context and observers in scientific theories. We introduce the concept of generalized proposition and use it to define an algorithm for the classification of any scientific theory. The algorithm…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2015-01-14 George Jaroszkiewicz

We present a number of quantum computing patterns that build on top of fundamental algorithms, that can be applied to solving concrete, NP-hard problems. In particular, we introduce the concept of a quantum dictionary as a summation of…

We define a semantics for first-order logic with generalized quantifiers based on double teams. We also define and investigate a notion of a generalized atom. Such atoms can be used in order to define extensions of first-order logic with a…

Logic · Mathematics 2017-09-01 Antti Kuusisto

Interactive proof assistants make it possible for ordinary mathematicians to write definitions and theorems in a formal proof language, like a programming language, so that a computer can parse them and check them against the rules of a…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2024-11-20 Jeremy Avigad , Johan Commelin , Heather Macbeth , Adam Topaz

In this paper, we propose standard statistical tools as a solution to commonly highlighted problems in the explainability literature. Indeed, leveraging statistical estimators allows for a proper definition of explanations, enabling…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-05-01 Valentina Ghidini

We take the view that physical quantities are values generated by processes in measurement, not pre-existent objective quantities, and that a measurement result is strictly a product of the apparatus and the subject of the measurement. We…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Charles Francis

Parametricity states that polymorphic functions behave the same regardless of how they are instantiated. When developing polymorphic programs, Wadler's free theorems can serve as free specifications, which can turn otherwise partial…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Niek Mulleners , Johan Jeuring , Bastiaan Heeren

Among the various forms of reasoning studied in the context of artificial intelligence, qualitative reasoning makes it possible to infer new knowledge in the context of imprecise, incomplete information without numerical values. In this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Quentin Cohen-Solal , Alexandre Niveau , Maroua Bouzid

Morphisms, structure preserving maps, are everywhere in Mathematics as useful tools for thinking and problem solving, or as objects to study. Here, we argue that the idea of operations being compatible across two domains goes beyond its…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2025-06-11 Attila Egri-Nagy , Miklós Hoffmann

The ZX-calculus was introduced as a graphical language able to represent specific quantum primitives in an intuitive way. The recent completeness results have shown the theoretical possibility of a purely graphical description of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-14 Titouan Carette , Yohann D'Anello , Simon Perdrix

A quantum algorithm is a set of instructions for a quantum computer, however, unlike algorithms in classical computer science their results cannot be guaranteed. A quantum system can undergo two types of operation, measurement and quantum…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2007-05-30 Eva Borbely

Language sciences rely less and less on formal syntax as their base. The reason is probably its lack of psychological reality, knowingly avoided. Philosophers of science call for a paradigm shift in which explanations are by mechanisms, as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Anat Ninio