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Evaluating retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) presents challenges, particularly for retrieval models within these systems. Traditional end-to-end evaluation methods are computationally expensive. Furthermore, evaluation of the retrieval…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Alireza Salemi , Hamed Zamani

Given the ubiquity of handwritten documents in human transactions, Optical Character Recognition (OCR) of documents have invaluable practical worth. Optical character recognition is a science that enables to translate various types of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-01-03 Jamshed Memon , Maira Sami , Rizwan Ahmed Khan

Post-OCR processing has significantly improved over the past few years. However, these have been primarily beneficial for texts consisting of natural, alphabetical words, as opposed to documents of numerical nature such as invoices,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Arthur Hemmer , Jérôme Brachat , Mickaël Coustaty , Jean-Marc Ogier

Document classification tasks were primarily tackled at word level. Recent research that works with character-level inputs shows several benefits over word-level approaches such as natural incorporation of morphemes and better handling of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-02-02 Yijun Xiao , Kyunghyun Cho

With the rising need for speech-based interaction models, end-to-end Spoken Language Models (SLMs) have emerged as a promising solution. While these models require comprehensive world knowledge for meaningful and reliable human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Wenqian Cui , Xiaoqi Jiao , Ziqiao Meng , Irwin King

Oracle character recognition-an analysis of ancient Chinese inscriptions found on oracle bones-has become a pivotal field intersecting archaeology, paleography, and historical cultural studies. Traditional methods of oracle character…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Jing Li , Xueke Chi , Qiufeng Wang , Dahan Wang , Kaizhu Huang , Yongge Liu , Cheng-lin Liu

Word error rate of an ocr is often higher than its character error rate. This is especially true when ocrs are designed by recognizing characters. High word accuracies are critical to tasks like the creation of content in digital libraries…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-05-29 Deepayan Das , Jerin Philip , Minesh Mathew , C. V. Jawahar

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) systems have been widely used in various of application scenarios. Designing an OCR system is still a challenging task. In previous work, we proposed a practical ultra lightweight OCR system (PP-OCR) to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Yuning Du , Chenxia Li , Ruoyu Guo , Cheng Cui , Weiwei Liu , Jun Zhou , Bin Lu , Yehua Yang , Qiwen Liu , Xiaoguang Hu , Dianhai Yu , Yanjun Ma

Extracting fine-grained OCR text from aged documents in diacritic languages remains challenging due to unexpected artifacts, time-induced degradation, and lack of datasets. While standalone spell correction approaches have been proposed,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Thao Do , Dinh Phu Tran , An Vo , Daeyoung Kim

Optical character recognition (OCR) is a vital process that involves the extraction of handwritten or printed text from scanned or printed images, converting it into a format that can be understood and processed by machines. This enables…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Mahmoud SalahEldin Kasem , Mohamed Mahmoud , Hyun-Soo Kang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has become a popular technique for enhancing the reliability and utility of Large Language Models (LLMs) by grounding responses in external documents. Traditional RAG systems rely on Optical Character…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Alexander Most , Joseph Winjum , Ayan Biswas , Shawn Jones , Nishath Rajiv Ranasinghe , Dan O'Malley , Manish Bhattarai

Building a reliable and automated evaluation metric is a necessary but challenging problem for open-domain dialogue systems. Recent studies proposed evaluation metrics that assess generated responses by considering their relevance to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 ChaeHun Park , Minseok Choi , Dohyun Lee , Jaegul Choo

Automatic evaluation metrics hold a fundamental importance in the development and fine-grained analysis of captioning systems. While current evaluation metrics tend to achieve an acceptable correlation with human judgements at the system…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-25 Naeha Sharif , Lyndon White , Mohammed Bennamoun , Wei Liu , Syed Afaq Ali Shah

We are currently in an era of fierce competition among various large language models (LLMs) continuously pushing the boundaries of benchmark performance. However, genuinely assessing the capabilities of these LLMs has become a challenging…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Wenhong Zhu , Hongkun Hao , Zhiwei He , Yunze Song , Yumeng Zhang , Hanxu Hu , Yiran Wei , Rui Wang , Hongyuan Lu

The field of affective computing focuses on recognizing, interpreting, and responding to human emotions, and has broad applications across education, child development, and human health and wellness. However, developing affective computing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Emily Zhou , Khushboo Khatri , Yixue Zhao , Bhaskar Krishnamachari

Modern circuit design process increasingly adopts high-level hardware construction languages and parameterized design methodologies to shorten development cycles and maintain high reusability, in contrast to traditional hardware description…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Ziyi Yang , Guangyu Hu , Xiaofeng Zhou , Mingkai Miao , Changyuan Yu , Wei Zhang , Hongce Zhang

The rapid evolution of Large Language Models has catalyzed a surge in scientific idea production, yet this leap has not been accompanied by a matching advance in idea evaluation. The fundamental nature of scientific evaluation needs…

MeetEval is an open-source toolkit to evaluate all kinds of meeting transcription systems. It provides a unified interface for the computation of commonly used Word Error Rates (WERs), specifically cpWER, ORC-WER and MIMO-WER along other…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Thilo von Neumann , Christoph Boeddeker , Marc Delcroix , Reinhold Haeb-Umbach

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) has many real world applications. The existing methods normally detect where the characters are, and then recognize the character for each detected location. Thus the accuracy of characters recognition is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-04 Baohua Sun , Michael Lin , Hao Sha , Lin Yang

Large Language models have achieved impressive performance in automated software engineering. Extensive efforts have been made to evaluate the abilities of code LLMs in various aspects, with an increasing number of benchmarks and evaluation…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Lezhi Ma , Shangqing Liu , Lei Bu , Shangru Li , Yida Wang , Yang Liu