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Ab initio free energy calculations are employed to derive the entropy of liquid and superionic water over a wide range of conditions in the interiors of Uranus and Neptune. The resulting adiabats are much shallower in pressure-temperature…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-08-26 Burkhard Militzer

Uranus and Neptune form a distinct class of planets in our solar system. Given this fact, and ubiquity of similar-mass planets in other planetary systems, it is essential to understand their interior structure and composition. However,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-08-04 Ravit Helled , Jonathan J. ~Fortney

Hydrocarbon mixtures are extremely abundant in the Universe, and diamond formation from them can play a crucial role in shaping the interior structure and evolution of planets. With first-principles accuracy, we first estimate the diamond…

Materials Science · Physics 2023-03-15 Bingqing Cheng , Sebastien Hamel , Mandy Bethkenhagen

A Uranus orbiter would be well positioned to detect the planet's free oscillation modes, whose frequencies can resolve questions about Uranus's weakly constrained interior. We calculate the spectra that may manifest in resonances with ring…

The primordial internal structures of gas giant planets are unknown. Often giant planets are modeled under the assumption that they are adiabatic, convective, and homogeneously mixed, but this is not necessarily correct. In this work, we…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-23 Allona Vazan , Ravit Helled , Attay Kovetz , Morris Podolak

We study the constraining power of a high-precision measurement of the gravity field for Uranus and Neptune, as could be delivered by a low periapse orbiter. Our study is practical, assessing the possible deliverables and limitations of…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-03-25 Naor Movshovitz , Jonathan J. Fortney

NASA's Spitzer Infrared Spectrometer (IRS) acquired mid-infrared (5-37 microns) disc-averaged spectra of Uranus very near to its equinox in December 2007. A mean spectrum was constructed from observations of multiple central meridian…

The radii of hot Jupiters are still not fully understood and all of the proposed explanations are based on the idea that these close-in giant planets possess hot interiors. We approach the radius anomaly problem by adopting a statistical…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-01-20 Paula Sarkis , Christoph Mordasini , Thomas Henning , Gabriel D. Marleau , Paul Mollière

This study, placed in the context of the preparation for the Uranus Orbiter Probe mission, aims to predict the bulk volatile compositions of Uranus and Neptune. Using a protoplanetary disk model, it examines the evolution of trace species…

The ice giants Uranus and Neptune are the least understood class of planets in our solar system but the most frequently observed type of exoplanets. Presumed to have a small rocky core, a deep interior comprising ~70% heavy elements…

Recent formation and structure models of Jupiter suggest that the planet can have composition gradients and not be fully convective (adiabatic). This possibility directly affects our understanding of Jupiter's bulk composition and origin.…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-03-14 A. Vazan , R. Helled , T. Guillot

Using a newly developed `holistic' atmospheric model of the aerosol structure in Uranus's atmosphere, based upon observations made by HST/STIS, Gemini/NIFS and IRTF/SpeX from 2000 -- 2009, we make a new estimate the bolometric Bond albedo…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-05-15 Patrick G. J. Irwin , Daniel D. Wenkert , Amy A. Simon , Emma Dahl , Heidi B. Hammel

We suggest that accretion of planet-bound dark matter by the Jovian planets, and by hot-Jupiter exoplanets, could be a significant source of their internal heat. The anomalously low internal heat of Uranus would then be explained if the…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-16 Stephen L. Adler

The shapes of fluid planets bear the signatures of rotational flattening and atmospheric flows. Precise knowledge of their shapes and wind profiles may therefore reveal their interior rotation rates. We re-examine this idea for the ice…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-23 Christopher R. Mankovich , Alex B. Akins , Dustin Buccino , Ravit Helled , Marzia Parisi

Titan's moment of inertia, calculated assuming hydrostatic equilibrium from gravity field data obtained during the Cassini-Huygens mission, implies an internal mass distribution that may be incompatible with complete differentiation. This…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2013-10-02 Joseph G. O'Rourke , David J. Stevenson

The primordial structure of Jupiter remains uncertain, yet it holds vital clues on the planet's formation and early evolution. Recent work used dynamical constraints from Jupiter's inner moons to determine its primordial state, thereby…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-02-04 Henrik Knierim , Konstantin Batygin , Ravit Helled , Luca Morf , Fred C. Adams

Observations have revealed that a significant number of hot Jupiters have anomalously large radii. Layered convection induced by compositional inhomogeneity has been proposed to account for the radius anomaly of hot Jupiters. To reexamine…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-12-16 Hiroyuki Kurokawa , Shu-ichiro Inutsuka

The present infrared brightness of a planet originates partly from the accretion energy that the planet gained during its formation and hence provides important constraints to the planet formation process. A planet cools down from a hot…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-05-31 Kenji Kurosaki , Masahiro Ikoma

Uranus and Neptune are still poorly understood. Their gravitational fields, rotation periods, atmosphere dynamics, and internal structures are not well determined. In this paper we present empirical structure models of Uranus and Neptune…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-03-14 Benno A. Neuenschwander , Ravit Helled

We discuss our current understanding of the interior structure and thermal evolution of giant planets. This includes the gas giants, such as Jupiter and Saturn, that are primarily composed of hydrogen and helium, as well as the "ice…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2014-11-20 Jonathan J. Fortney , Nadine Nettelmann