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In modern deep learning, there is a recent and growing literature on the interplay between large-width asymptotic properties of deep Gaussian neural networks (NNs), i.e. deep NNs with Gaussian-distributed weights, and Gaussian stochastic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-27 Stefano Favaro , Sandra Fortini , Stefano Peluchetti

Large width limits have been a recent focus of deep learning research: modulo computational practicalities, do wider networks outperform narrower ones? Answering this question has been challenging, as conventional networks gain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Geoff Pleiss , John P. Cunningham

We study the Finite-Dimensional Distributions (FDDs) of deep neural networks with randomly initialized weights that have finite-order moments. Specifically, we establish Gaussian approximation bounds in the Wasserstein-$1$ norm between the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-05 Krishnakumar Balasubramanian , Nathan Ross

We give a proof that, under relatively mild conditions, fully-connected feed-forward deep random neural networks converge to a Gaussian mixture distribution as only the width of the last hidden layer goes to infinity. We conducted…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-04-27 Yasuhiko Asao , Ryotaro Sakamoto , Shiro Takagi

We study the distribution of a fully connected neural network with random Gaussian weights and biases in which the hidden layer widths are proportional to a large constant $n$. Under mild assumptions on the non-linearity, we obtain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Stefano Favaro , Boris Hanin , Domenico Marinucci , Ivan Nourdin , Giovanni Peccati

A common theoretical approach to understanding neural networks is to take an infinite-width limit, at which point the outputs become Gaussian process (GP) distributed. This is known as a neural network Gaussian process (NNGP). However, the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-26 Ben Anson , Edward Milsom , Laurence Aitchison

We study quantum neural networks made by parametric one-qubit gates and fixed two-qubit gates in the limit of infinite width, where the generated function is the expectation value of the sum of single-qubit observables over all the qubits.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Filippo Girardi , Giacomo De Palma

This work analyzes Graph Neural Networks, a generalization of Fully-Connected Deep Neural Nets on Graph structured data, when their width, that is the number of nodes in each fullyconnected layer is increasing to infinity. Infinite Width…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Yunus Cobanoglu

The analytic inference, e.g. predictive distribution being in closed form, may be an appealing benefit for machine learning practitioners when they treat wide neural networks as Gaussian process in Bayesian setting. The realistic widths,…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2023-08-01 Chi-Ken Lu

A recent line of works studied wide deep neural networks (DNNs) by approximating them as Gaussian Processes (GPs). A DNN trained with gradient flow was shown to map to a GP governed by the Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK), whereas earlier works…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-12-15 Gadi Naveh , Oded Ben-David , Haim Sompolinsky , Zohar Ringel

The asymptotic properties of Bayesian Neural Networks (BNNs) have been extensively studied, particularly regarding their approximations by Gaussian processes in the infinite-width limit. We extend these results by showing that posterior…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-07 Francesco Caporali , Stefano Favaro , Dario Trevisan

In this paper, we study the infinite-depth limit of finite-width residual neural networks with random Gaussian weights. With proper scaling, we show that by fixing the width and taking the depth to infinity, the pre-activations converge in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-01-16 Soufiane Hayou

The infinitely wide neural network has been proven a useful and manageable mathematical model that enables the understanding of many phenomena appearing in deep learning. One example is the convergence of random deep networks to Gaussian…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-19 Thiziri Nait-Saada , Alireza Naderi , Jared Tanner

In this work, we study the training and generalization performance of two-layer neural networks (NNs) after one gradient descent step under structured data modeled by Gaussian mixtures. While previous research has extensively analyzed this…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-20 Samet Demir , Zafer Dogan

To better understand the theoretical behavior of large neural networks, several works have analyzed the case where a network's width tends to infinity. In this regime, the effect of random initialization and the process of training a neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-14 Florian Juengermann , Maxime Laasri , Marius Merkle

There is a growing literature on the study of large-width properties of deep Gaussian neural networks (NNs), i.e. deep NNs with Gaussian-distributed parameters or weights, and Gaussian stochastic processes. Motivated by some empirical and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Alberto Bordino , Stefano Favaro , Sandra Fortini

Wide neural networks with random weights and biases are Gaussian processes, as originally observed by Neal (1995) and more recently by Lee et al. (2018) and Matthews et al. (2018) for deep fully-connected networks, as well as by Novak et…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Greg Yang

It has long been known that a single-layer fully-connected neural network with an i.i.d. prior over its parameters is equivalent to a Gaussian process (GP), in the limit of infinite network width. This correspondence enables exact Bayesian…

Several recent trends in machine learning theory and practice, from the design of state-of-the-art Gaussian Process to the convergence analysis of deep neural nets (DNNs) under stochastic gradient descent (SGD), have found it fruitful to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-04-07 Greg Yang

In this paper, we study complex-valued neural network (CVNNs) with tensor-valued hidden-to-output weights within the framework of neural-network quantum field theory (NN-QFT). For standard CVNNs with scalar weights, we derive the generating…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-02-03 Guojun Huang , Kai Zhou