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This is a critical review of the various observables that have been proposed to signal the change from dense hadronic matter to a quark-gluon plasma at high temperature or baryon density. I discuss current models of quark-gluon plasma…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2014-11-18 Berndt Mueller

The experimental study of the collisions of heavy nuclei at relativistic energies has established the properties of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP), a state of hot, dense nuclear matter in which quarks and gluons are not bound into hadrons. In…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2019-08-13 C. Aidala , Y. Akiba , M. Alfred , V. Andrieux , K. Aoki , N. Apadula , H. Asano , C. Ayuso , B. Azmoun , V. Babintsev , A. Bagoly , N. S. Bandara , K. N. Barish , S. Bathe , A. Bazilevsky , M. Beaumier , R. Belmont , A. Berdnikov , Y. Berdnikov , D. S. Blau , M. Boer , J. S. Bok , M. L. Brooks , J. Bryslawskyj , V. Bumazhnov , C. Butler , S. Campbell , V. Canoa Roman , R. Cervantes , C. Y. Chi , M. Chiu , I. J. Choi , J. B. Choi , Z. Citron , M. Connors , N. Cronin , M. Csanád , T. Csörgő , T. W. Danley , M. S. Daugherity , G. David , K. DeBlasio , K. Dehmelt , A. Denisov , A. Deshpande , E. J. Desmond , A. Dion , D. Dixit , L. D. Liu , J. H. Do , A. Drees , K. A. Drees , M. Dumancic , J. M. Durham , A. Durum , T. Elder , A. Enokizono , H. En'yo , S. Esumi , B. Fadem , W. Fan , N. Feege , D. E. Fields , M. Finger , M. Finger, , S. L. Fokin , J. E. Frantz , A. Franz , A. D. Frawley , Y. Fukuda , C. Gal , P. Gallus , P. Garg , H. Ge , F. Giordano , Y. Goto , N. Grau , S. V. Greene , M. Grosse Perdekamp , T. Gunji , H. Guragain , T. Hachiya , J. S. Haggerty , K. I. Hahn , H. Hamagaki , H. F. Hamilton , S. Y. Han , J. Hanks , S. Hasegawa , T. O. S. Haseler , X. He , T. K. Hemmick , J. C. Hill , K. Hill , A. Hodges , R. S. Hollis , K. Homma , B. Hong , T. Hoshino , N. Hotvedt , J. Huang , S. Huang , K. Imai , J. Imrek , M. Inaba , A. Iordanova , D. Isenhower , Y. Ito , D. Ivanishchev , B. V. Jacak , M. Jezghani , Z. Ji , X. Jiang , B. M. Johnson , V. Jorjadze , D. Jouan , D. S. Jumper , J. H. Kang , D. Kapukchyan , S. Karthas , D. Kawall , A. V. Kazantsev , V. Khachatryan , A. Khanzadeev , C. Kim , D. J. Kim , E. -J. Kim , M. Kim , M. H. Kim , D. Kincses , E. Kistenev , J. Klatsky , P. Kline , T. Koblesky , D. Kotov , S. Kudo , K. Kurita , Y. Kwon , J. G. Lajoie , E. O. Lallow , A. Lebedev , S. Lee , S. H. Lee , M. J. Leitch , Y. H. Leung , N. A. Lewis , X. Li , S. H. Lim , M. X. Liu , V-R Loggins , V. -R. Loggins , S. Lökös , K. Lovasz , D. Lynch , T. Majoros , Y. I. Makdisi , M. Makek , M. Malaev , V. I. Manko , E. Mannel , H. Masuda , M. McCumber , P. L. McGaughey , D. McGlinchey , C. McKinney , M. Mendoza , A. C. Mignerey , D. E. Mihalik , A. Milov , D. K. Mishra , J. T. Mitchell , G. Mitsuka , S. Miyasaka , S. Mizuno , P. Montuenga , T. Moon , D. P. Morrison , S. I. Morrow , T. Murakami , J. Murata , K. Nagai , K. Nagashima , T. Nagashima , J. L. Nagle , M. I. Nagy , I. Nakagawa , H. Nakagomi , K. Nakano , C. Nattrass , T. Niida , R. Nouicer , T. Novák , N. Novitzky , R. Novotny , A. S. Nyanin , E. O'Brien , C. A. Ogilvie , J. D. Orjuela Koop , J. D. Osborn , A. Oskarsson , G. J. Ottino , K. Ozawa , V. Pantuev , V. Papavassiliou , J. S. Park , S. Park , S. F. Pate , M. Patel , W. Peng , D. V. Perepelitsa , G. D. N. Perera , D. Yu. Peressounko , C. E. PerezLara , J. Perry , R. Petti , M. Phipps , C. Pinkenburg , R. P. Pisani , A. Pun , M. L. Purschke , P. V. Radzevich , K. F. Read , D. Reynolds , V. Riabov , Y. Riabov , D. Richford , T. Rinn , S. D. Rolnick , M. Rosati , Z. Rowan , J. Runchey , A. S. Safonov , T. Sakaguchi , H. Sako , V. Samsonov , M. Sarsour , K. Sato , S. Sato , B. Schaefer , B. K. Schmoll , K. Sedgwick , R. Seidl , A. Sen , R. Seto , A. Sexton , D. Sharma , I. Shein , T. -A. Shibata , K. Shigaki , M. Shimomura , T. Shioya , P. Shukla , A. Sickles , C. L. Silva , D. Silvermyr , B. K. Singh , C. P. Singh , V. Singh , M. J. Skoby , M. Slunečka , K. L. Smith , M. Snowball , R. A. Soltz , W. E. Sondheim , S. P. Sorensen , I. V. Sourikova , P. W. Stankus , S. P. Stoll , T. Sugitate , A. Sukhanov , T. Sumita , J. Sun , Z Sun , Z. Sun , S. Syed , J. Sziklai , A Takeda , K. Tanida , M. J. Tannenbaum , S. Tarafdar , A. Taranenko , A. Taranenko , G. Tarnai , R. Tieulent , A. Timilsina , T. Todoroki , M. Tomášek , C. L. Towell , R. S. Towell , I. Tserruya , Y. Ueda , B. Ujvari , H. W. van Hecke , S. Vazquez-Carson , J. Velkovska , M. Virius , V. Vrba , N. Vukman , X. R. Wang , Z. Wang , Y. Watanabe , Y. S. Watanabe , C. P. Wong , C. L. Woody , C. Xu , Q. Xu , L. Xue , S. Yalcin , Y. L. Yamaguchi , H. Yamamoto , A. Yanovich , P. Yin , J. H. Yoo , I. Yoon , H. Yu , I. E. Yushmanov , W. A. Zajc , A. Zelenski , S. Zharko , L. Zou

We present an overview of selected aspects of ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions, a research program devoted to the study of strongly interacting matter at high energy densities and in particular to the characterization of the…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2015-06-25 A. Andronic , P. Braun-Munzinger

When the phase transition from the hadronic matter to the deconfined quark-gluon plasma or quark-gluon liquid is reached, the color degrees of freedom become important and appear explicitly in the equation of state. Under the extreme…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2010-03-30 Ismail Zakout

In statistical QCD, the thermal properties of the quark-gluon plasma can be determined by studying the in-medium behaviour of heavy quark bound states. The results can be applied to quarkonium production in high energy nuclear collisions,…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2008-11-26 Helmut Satz

A hot and dense state of nuclear matter, known as the quark-gluon plasma, is created in collisions of ultrarelativistic heavy nuclei. Highly energetic quarks and gluons, collectively referred to as partons, lose energy as they travel…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2026-04-24 CMS Collaboration

We argue that multi-particle production in high energy hadron and nuclear collisions can be considered as proceeding through the production of gluons in the background classical field. In this approach we derive the gluon spectrum…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2008-11-26 Dmitri Kharzeev , Eugene Levin , Kirill Tuchin

Fluctuations are one of the main probes of the physics of the new state of hot and dense nuclear matter called the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) which is created in the ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions. In this dissertation we extend and…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2017-02-07 Aleksas Mazeliauskas

Highly excited nuclear matter created in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions possibly reaches the phase of quark deconfinement. It quickly cools down and hadronises. We explain that the process of hadronisation may likely be connected…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2007-12-03 B. Tomasik , G. Torrieri , I. Melo , P. Bartos , M. Gintner , S. Korony , I. Mishustin

Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) predicts that at sufficiently high temperature ($T$) and/or baryon chemical potential ($\mu_B$), the state of matter is in the form of quarks and gluons, which are no longer confined within hadrons. This…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2023-07-28 Krishan Gopal

Heavy quarks are produced at the first instant of a nucleus--nucleus collision and therefore are an important tool to study the subsequent high energy-density medium formed in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. A series of…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2019-10-16 Wadut Shaikh

The thermalization of quark-gluon plasma created in heavy-ion collisions is crucial for understanding its behavior as a relativistic fluid and the thermodynamic properties of the Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). This study investigates the…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-09-19 Yu-Shan Mu , Jing-An Sun , Li Yan , Xu-Guang Huang

These lectures provide a modern introduction to selected topics in the physics of ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions which shed light on the fundamental theory of strong interactions, the Quantum Chromodynamics. The emphasis is on the…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2015-02-27 Edmond Iancu

At the quark-hadron transition, when quarks get confined to hadrons, certain orbitally excited states, namely those which have excitation energies above the respective $L = 0$ states of the same order as the transition temperature $T_c$,…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2010-11-05 Biswanath Layek , Ajit M. Srivastava , Soma Sanyal

The realistic equation of state of strongly interacting matter, that has been successfully applied in the recent hydrodynamic studies of hadron production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions at RHIC, is used in the Friedmann equation to…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2011-03-02 Wojciech Florkowski

The ultra-relativistic heavy-ion programs at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the Large Hadron Collider have evolved into a phase of quantitative studies of Quantum Chromodynamics at very high temperatures. The charm and bottom…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2020-01-08 Xin Dong , Yen-jie Lee , Ralf Rapp

The quark gluon plasma is a novel state of matter in which quarks are no longer confined to bound states such as baryons and mesons. the freezing of quarkvgluon deconfined degrees of freedom is the essential ingredient in determining the…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2013-09-25 A. G. Shalaby

Heavy ion collisions at RHIC and at the LHC can create the quark-gluon plasma, a state of matter at very high temperatures. Among a plethora of particles that are produced in these collisions, also light is emitted throughout the evolution…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2011-02-03 Andreas Ipp

We discuss a model for the energy distribution and the early space-time evolution of a heavy ion collision. We estimate the gluon field generated in the wake of hard processes and through primordial fluctuations of the color charges in the…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-11-11 Rainer J. Fries , Joseph I. Kapusta , Yang Li

It is widely believed that the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) might be formed in the current heavy ion collisions. It is also widely recognized that the relativistic hydrodynamics is one of the best tools for describing the process of expansion…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2017-02-06 Zhi-Jin Jiang , Jia-Qi Hui , Yu Zhang