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The problem of explaining the relationship between subjective experience and physical reality remains difficult and unresolved. In most explanations, consciousness is epiphenomenal, without causal power. The most notable exception is…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-01-26 John Sanfey

The integrated information theory of consciousness (IIT) is uniquely ambitious in proposing a mathematical formula, derived from apparently fundamental properties of conscious experience, to describe the quantity and quality of…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-04-14 Adam B. Barrett , Borjan Milinkovic , Pedro A. M. Mediano , Fernando E. Rosas , Daniel Bor , Lionel Barnett , Anil K. Seth

The scientific study of consciousness is currently undergoing a critical transition in the form of a rapidly evolving scientific debate regarding whether or not currently proposed theories can be assessed for their scientific validity. At…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-16 Jake R. Hanson , Sara I. Walker

The science of consciousness has made great strides by focusing on the behavioral and neuronal correlates of experience. However, correlates are not enough if we are to understand even basic neurological fact; nor are they of much help in…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2023-10-15 Giulio Tononi , Christof Koch

The purpose of this article is to provide an overall critical appraisal of Integrated Information Theory(IIT) of consciousness. We explore how it has evolved and what problems are involved in the theory. IIT is a hypothesis that…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2018-10-02 Kyumin Moon , Hongju Pae

Integrated information theory (IIT) has established itself as one of the leading theories for the study of consciousness. IIT essentially proposes that quantitative consciousness is identical to maximally integrated conceptual information,…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2017-03-06 Stephan Krohn , Dirk Ostwald

The Integrated Information Theory (IIT) might be our current best bet at a scientific explanation of phenomenal consciousness. IIT focuses on the distinctively subjective and phenomenological aspects of conscious experience. Currently, it…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-05-06 Azenet Lopez , Carlos Montemayor

Developments in machine learning and computing power suggest that artificial general intelligence is within reach. This raises the question of artificial consciousness: if a computer were to be functionally equivalent to a human, being able…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Graham Findlay , William Marshall , Larissa Albantakis , Isaac David , William GP Mayner , Christof Koch , Giulio Tononi

Accumulating evidence indicates that the capacity to integrate information in the brain is a prerequisite for consciousness. Integrated Information Theory (IIT) of consciousness provides a mathematical approach to quantifying the…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2016-02-22 Masafumi Oizumi , Shun-ichi Amari , Toru Yanagawa , Naotaka Fujii , Naotsugu Tsuchiya

Integrated Information Theory (IIT) has emerged as one of the leading research lines in computational neuroscience to provide a mechanistic and mathematically well-defined description of the neural correlates of consciousness. Integrated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-11 Paolo Zanardi , Michael Tomka , Lorenzo Campos Venuti

This overview of integrated information theory (IIT) emphasizes IIT's "consciousness-first" approach to what exists. Consciousness demonstrates to each of us that something exists--experience--and reveals its essential properties--the…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-12-23 Giulio Tononi , Melanie Boly

Integrated information theory (IIT) is a theoretical framework that provides a quantitative measure to estimate when a physical system is conscious, its degree of consciousness, and the complexity of the qualia space that the system is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-12 Eduardo C. Garrido-Merchán , Javier Sánchez-Cañizares

Integrated information theory (IIT) starts from consciousness itself and identifies a set of properties (axioms) that are true of every conceivable experience. The axioms are translated into a set of postulates about the substrate of…

Integrated Information Theory (IIT) is a prominent theory of consciousness that has at its centre measures that quantify the extent to which a system generates more information than the sum of its parts. While several candidate measures of…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2019-01-30 Pedro A. M. Mediano , Anil K. Seth , Adam B. Barrett

The mysterious phenomenon of consciousness, after having been the subject of philosophic attention for few millennia, has drawn much scientific curiosity in recent decades; and many brilliant minds of various areas of sciences are trying to…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2022-03-01 Jahan N. Schad

According to the Integrated Information Theory of Consciousness, consciousness is a fundamental observer-independent property of physical systems, and the measure Phi of integrated information is identical to the quantity or level of…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2019-02-13 Adam B. Barrett , Pedro A. M. Mediano

The ability to integrate information in the brain is considered to be an essential property for cognition and consciousness. Integrated Information Theory (IIT) hypothesizes that the amount of integrated information ($\Phi$) in the brain is…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2018-04-04 Jun Kitazono , Ryota Kanai , Masafumi Oizumi

Originally conceived as a theory of consciousness, integrated information theory (IIT) provides a theoretical framework intended to characterize the compositional causal information that a system, in its current state, specifies about…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-22 Larissa Albantakis , Robert Prentner , Ian Durham

Collective behaviour is known to be the result of diverse dynamics and is sometimes likened to a living system. Although many studies have revealed the dynamics of various collective behaviours, their main focus was on the information…

This paper presents Integrated Information Theory (IIT) 4.0. IIT aims to account for the properties of experience in physical (operational) terms. It identifies the essential properties of experience (axioms), infers the necessary and…

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