Related papers: A quantum mechanism underlying the gauge symmetry …
This paper proves that it is possible to build a Lagrangian for quantum electrodynamics which makes it explicit that the photon mass is eventually set to zero in the physical part on observational ground. Gauge independence is achieved upon…
Quantum electrodynamics describes the interactions of electrons and photons. Electric charge (the gauge coupling constant) is energy dependent, and there is a previous claim that charge is affected by gravity (described by general…
We discuss gauge transformations in QED coupled to a charged spinor field, and examine whether we can gauge-transform the entire formulation of the theory from one gauge to another, so that not only the gauge and spinor fields, but also the…
Gauge freedom in quantum electrodynamics (QED) outside of textbook regimes is reviewed. It is emphasized that QED subsystems are defined relative to a choice of gauge. Each definition uses different gauge-invariant observables. This…
The Standard Model of particle physics is built on the principle of local gauge symmetry. This work provides a pedagogical introduction for advanced undergraduates by using quantum electrodynamics (QED) as the simplest example of a gauge…
Gauge invariance, a core principle in electrodynamics, has two separate meanings. One concept treats the photon as the gauge particle for electrodynamics. It is based on symmetries of the Lagrangian, and requires no mention of electric or…
Till now, the foundation of quantum physics is still mysterious. To explore the mysteries in the foundation of quantum physics, people always take it for granted that quantum processes must be some types of fields/objects on a rigid space.…
Gauge symmetry plays a key role in our description of subatomic matter. The vanishing photon mass, the long-ranged Coulomb law, and asymptotic freedom are all due to gauge invariance. Recent years have seen tantalizing progress in the…
We develop a complete formulation of quantum gauge invariance in light-front dynamics for interacting theories with massless vector gauge fields in the framework of null-plane causal perturbation theory. We apply the general results to…
Contrary to the conventional view point of quantization that breaks the gauge symmetry, a gauge invariant formulation of quantum electrodynamics is proposed. Instead of fixing the gauge, some frame is chosen to yield the locally invariant…
It was shown recently that unambiguous description of electromagnetic environments requires electromagnetic potentials; knowledge only of electric and magnetic fields is insufficient and can lead to error. Consequences of that demonstration…
The soft photon theorem in U(1) gauge theories with only massless charged particles has recently been shown to be the Ward identity of an infinite-dimensional asymptotic symmetry group. This symmetry group is comprised of gauge…
Quantum Electrodynamics can be formulated as the theory of an antisymmetric tensor gauge field. In this formulation the topological current of this field appears as an additional source for the electromagnetic field. The topological charge…
The proof of gauge invariance of the quantum electrodynamics of photons and electrons does not apply directly to the quantum electrodynamics of photons, electrons, and nuclei because multi-electron atoms belong to the space of asymptotic…
A Lagrangian for quantum electrodynamics is found which makes it explicit that the photon mass is eventually set to zero in the physical part on observational ground. It remains possible to obtain a counterterm Lagrangian where the only…
Systems of interacting charges and fields are ubiquitous in physics. Recently, it has been shown that Hamiltonians derived using different gauges can yield different physical results when matter degrees of freedom are truncated to a few…
Gravity can be considered as an effective quantum field theory with reliable, but limited predictions. Though the influence of gravity on gauge and other interactions of elementary particles is still an open question. We calculate the…
The physical reasons in favour of a two dimensional topological model of quantum electrodynamics are discussed. It is shown that in accord with this model there is a new uncertainty relation for photon which is compatible with QED.
We calculate the lowest order quantum gravity contributions to QED beta function in an effective field theory picture with a momentum cutoff. We use a recently proposed 4 dimensional improved momentum cutoff that preserves gauge and Lorentz…
The formal structure of quantum electrodynamics consists of various elements. These include the Schroedinger equation which evolves the system forward in time, the vacuum state which is assumed to be the state with a free field energy of…