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Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a dimension reduction technique. It produces inconsistent estimators when the dimensionality is moderate to high, which is often the problem in modern large-scale applications where algorithm…

Computation · Statistics 2016-01-29 Qiaoya Zhang , Yiyuan She

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a commonly used pattern analysis method that maps high-dimensional data into a lower-dimensional space maximizing the data variance, that results in the promotion of separability of data. Inspired by…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-20 Xiaoqiang Hua , Yusuke Ono , Linyu Peng , Yuting Xu

We examine the problem of selecting a small set of linear measurements for reconstructing high-dimensional signals. Well-established methods for optimizing such measurements include principal component analysis (PCA), independent component…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Ling-Qi Zhang , Zahra Kadkhodaie , Eero P. Simoncelli , David H. Brainard

STEM XEDS spectrum images can be drastically denoised by application of the principal component analysis (PCA). This paper looks inside the PCA workflow step by step on an example of a complex semiconductor structure consisting of a number…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-10-16 Pavel Potapov , Axel Lubk

In recent years, Artificial Intelligence techniques have proved to be very successful when applied to problems in physical sciences. Here we apply an unsupervised Machine Learning (ML) algorithm called Principal Component Analysis (PCA) as…

Materials Science · Physics 2021-05-26 T. Tula , G. Möller , J. Quintanilla , S. R. Giblin , A. D. Hillier , E. E. McCabe , S. Ramos , D. S. Barker , S. Gibson

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a classical dimension reduction method which projects data onto the principal subspace spanned by the leading eigenvectors of the covariance matrix. However, it behaves poorly when the number of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2013-05-27 Zongming Ma

Linear principal component analysis (PCA) learns (semi-)orthogonal transformations by orienting the axes to maximize variance. Consequently, it can only identify orthogonal axes whose variances are clearly distinct, but it cannot identify…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Fahdi Kanavati , Lucy Katsnith , Masayuki Tsuneki

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a commonly used tool for dimension reduction in analyzing high dimensional data; Multilinear Principal Component Analysis (MPCA) has the potential to serve the similar function for analyzing tensor…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2011-04-29 Hung Hung , Pei-Shien Wu , I-Ping Tu , Su-Yun Huang

Principal component analysis (PCA), the most popular dimension-reduction technique, has been used to analyze high-dimensional data in many areas. It discovers the homogeneity within the data and creates a reduced feature space to capture as…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-24 Daning Bi , Le Chang , Yanrong Yang

We discuss the problem of estimating the number of principal components in Principal Com- ponents Analysis (PCA). Despite of the importance of the problem and the multitude of solutions proposed in the literature, it comes as a surprise…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-07-06 Piotr Sobczyk , Malgorzata Bogdan , Julie Josse

We propose a new high dimensional semiparametric principal component analysis (PCA) method, named Copula Component Analysis (COCA). The semiparametric model assumes that, after unspecified marginally monotone transformations, the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2014-02-20 Fang Han , Han Liu

Sparse principal component analysis (SPCA) has emerged as a powerful technique for modern data analysis, providing improved interpretation of low-rank structures by identifying localized spatial structures in the data and disambiguating…

This paper investigates the utility of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for multi-label classification of multispectral images using ResNet50 and DINOv2, acknowledging the high dimensionality of such data and the associated processing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Filip Karpowicz , Wiktor Kępiński , Bartosz Staszyński , Grzegorz Sarwas

This article focuses on the robust principal component analysis (PCA) of high-dimensional data with elliptical distributions. We investigate the PCA of the sample spatial-sign covariance matrix in both nonsparse and sparse contexts,…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-08 Ping Zhao , Hongfei Wang , Long Feng

Model identification is a crucial problem in chemical industries. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in learning data-driven models utilizing partial knowledge about the system of interest. Most techniques for model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-09 Deepak Maurya , Sivadurgaprasad Chinta , Abhishek Sivaram , Raghunathan Rengaswamy

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) finds the best linear representation of data, and is an indispensable tool in many learning and inference tasks. Classically, principal components of a dataset are interpreted as the directions that…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-12-24 Raphael A. Hauser , Armin Eftekhari

Image similarity is a core concept in Image Analysis due to its extensive application in computer vision, image processing, and pattern recognition. The objective of our study is to evaluate Quasi-Euclidean metric as an image similarity…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-29 Vibhor Singh , Vishesh Devgan , Ishu Anand

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a highly useful topic within an introductory Linear Algebra course, especially since it can be used to incorporate a number of applied projects. This method represents an essential application and…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2016-04-19 Stephen Pankavich , Rebecca Swanson

Principal component analysis (PCA) is largely adopted for chemical process monitoring and numerous PCA-based systems have been developed to solve various fault detection and diagnosis problems. Since PCA-based methods assume that the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-12-13 Haitao Zhao