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Various techniques have been used in recent years for verifying quantum computers, that is, for determining whether a quantum computer/system satisfies a given formal specification of correctness. Barrier certificates are a recent novel…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-02 Marco Lewis , Paolo Zuliani , Sadegh Soudjani

Equivalence checking of hybrid quantum circuits is of primary importance, given that quantum circuit transformations are omnipresent along the quantum compiler chain. While some approaches exist for automating this task, most focus on the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-01 Jérome Ricciardi , Sébastien Bardin , Christophe Chareton , Benoît Valiron

Quantum computations are expressed in general as quantum circuits, which are specified by ordered lists of quantum gates. The resulting specifications are used during the optimisation and execution of the expressed computations. However,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-08 Alexandru Paler , Simon J. Devitt

Quantum computers have advanced rapidly in qubit count and gate fidelity. However, large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computing still relies on quantum error correction code (QECC) to suppress noise. Manually or experimentally verifying the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-20 Kean Chen , Yuhao Liu , Wang Fang , Jennifer Paykin , Xin-Chuan Wu , Albert Schmitz , Steve Zdancewic , Gushu Li

As fault-tolerant quantum computers scale, certifying the accuracy of computations performed with encoded logical qubits will soon become classically intractable. This creates a critical need for scalable, device-independent certification…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-08 James Mills , Adithya Sireesh , Dominik Leichtle , Joschka Roffe , Elham Kashefi

Hamiltonian simulation is a central application of quantum computing, with significant potential in modeling physical systems and solving complex optimization problems. Existing compilers for such simulations typically focus on low-level…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Liyi Li , Fenfen An , Federico Zahariev , Zhi Xiang Chong , Amr Sabry , Mark S. Gordon

Designing quantum processors is a complex task that demands advanced verification methods to ensure their correct functionality. However, traditional methods of comprehensively verifying quantum devices, such as quantum process tomography,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-04 Keren Li , Peng Yan , Hanru Jiang , Nengkun Yu

The success of a quantum algorithm hinges on the ability to orchestrate a successful application induction. Detrimental overheads in mapping general quantum circuits to physically implementable routines can be the deciding factor between a…

As quantum computing is becoming increasingly popular, the underlying quantum computing platforms are growing both in ability and complexity. Unfortunately, testing these platforms is challenging due to the relatively small number of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Matteo Paltenghi , Michael Pradel

As quantum algorithms and hardware continue to evolve, ensuring the correctness of the quantum software stack (QSS) has become increasingly important. However, testing QSSes remains challenging due to the oracle problem, i.e., the lack of a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Junjie Luo , Shangzhou Xia , Fuyuan Zhang , Jianjun Zhao

The use of Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) solver for hardware verification incurs exponential run-time in several instances. In this work we have proposed an efficient quantum SAT (qSAT) solver for equivalence checking of Boolean circuits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Abhoy Kole , Mohammed E. Djeridane , Lennart Weingarten , Kamalika Datta , Rolf Drechsler

With the growing interest in quantum programs, ensuring their correctness is a fundamental challenge. Although constraint-solving techniques can overcome some limitations of traditional testing and verification, they have not yet been…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-25 Shangzhou Xia , Haitao Fu , Jianjun Zhao

Quantum computing has proven to be capable of accelerating many algorithms by performing tasks that classical computers cannot. Currently, Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum (NISQ) machines struggle from scalability and noise issues to render…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Chao Lu , Navnil Choudhury , Utsav Banerjee , Abdullah Ash Saki , Kanad Basu

With the increasing capabilities of quantum systems, the efficient, practical execution of quantum programs is becoming more critical. Each execution includes compilation time, which accounts for substantial overhead of the overall program…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-01 Felix Zilk , Alessandro Tundo , Vincenzo De Maio , Ivona Brandic

QASMTrans is a lightweight, high-performance, C++-based quantum compiler that bridges abstract quantum algorithms to device-level control and is designed for just-in-time (JIT) deployment on QPU testbeds with tightly integrated FPGAs or…

In the NISQ-era, there is a wide variety of hardware manufacturers building quantum computers. Each of these companies may choose different approaches and hardware architectures for their machines. This poses a problem for quantum software…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-26 Luke Southall , Joshua Ammermann , Rinor Kelmendi , Domenik Eichhorn , Ina Schaefer

Quantum programs are often shared as OpenQASM 3 circuits, but tests are still written in host languages such as Python with Qiskit. We present QUTest, a native framework in which both programs and tests are standard .qasm files. Tests…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-20 José Campos

Quilc is an open-source, optimizing compiler for gate-based quantum programs written in Quil or QASM, two popular quantum programming languages. The compiler was designed with attention toward NISQ-era quantum computers, specifically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-01 Robert S. Smith , Eric C. Peterson , Mark G. Skilbeck , Erik J. Davis

We present a quantum CISC compiler and show how to assemble complex instruction sets in a scalable way. Enlarging the toolbox of universal gates by optimised complex multi-qubit instruction sets thus paves the way to fight decoherence for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-12-22 T. Schulte-Herbrueggen , A. Spoerl , S. J. Glaser

In recent years, Quantum Computing (QC) has progressed to the point where small working prototypes are available for use. Termed Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) computers, these prototypes are too small for large benchmarks or even…