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ERC-20 is the most prominent Ethereum standard for fungible tokens. Tokens implementing the ERC-20 interface can interoperate with a large number of already deployed internet-based services and Ethereum-based smart contracts. In recent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-08 Reza Rahimian , Jeremy Clark

Smart contracts have been plagued by security incidents, which resulted in substantial financial losses. Given numerous research efforts in addressing the security issues of smart contracts, we wondered how software practitioners build…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Zhiyuan Wan , Xin Xia , David Lo , Jiachi Chen , Xiapu Luo , Xiaohu Yang

Recent years have witnessed explosive growth in blockchain smart contract applications. As smart contracts become increasingly popular and carry trillion dollars worth of digital assets, they become more of an appealing target for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Peng Qian , Jianting He , Lingling Lu , Siwei Wu , Zhipeng Lu , Lei Wu , Yajin Zhou , Qinming He

Solidity is an object-oriented and high-level language for writing smart contracts that are used to execute, verify and enforce credible transactions on permissionless blockchains. In the last few years, analysis of smart contracts has…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-08-16 Chao Peng , Sefa Akca , Ajitha Rajan

The growth of the decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystem built on blockchain technology and smart contracts has led to an increased demand for secure and reliable smart contract development. However, attacks targeting smart contracts are…

As the Ethereum platform continues to mature and gain widespread usage, it is crucial to maintain high standards of smart contract writing practices. While bad practices in smart contracts may not directly lead to security issues, they do…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Zongwei Li , Xiaoqi Li , Wenkai Li , Xin Wang

The rise of smart contract systems such as Ethereum has resulted in a proliferation of blockchain-based decentralized applications including applications that store and manage a wide range of data. Current smart contracts are designed to be…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-02-26 Chao Li , Balaji Palanisamy , Runhua Xu

As blockchain technology and smart contracts become widely adopted, securing them throughout every stage of the transaction process is essential. The concern of improved security for smart contracts is to find and detect vulnerabilities…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-11 S M Mostaq Hossain , Amani Altarawneh , Jesse Roberts

Smart contracts are autonomous and immutable pieces of code that are deployed on blockchain networks and run by miners. They were first introduced by Ethereum in 2014 and have since been used for various applications such as security…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Mahdi Fooladgar , Fathiyeh Faghih

With the rapid growth of blockchain technology, smart contracts are now crucial to Decentralized Finance (DeFi) applications. Effective vulnerability detection is vital for securing these contracts against hackers and enhancing the accuracy…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Jango Zhang

The proxy design pattern allows Ethereum smart contracts to be simultaneously immutable and upgradeable, in which an original contract is split into a proxy contract containing the data storage and a logic contract containing the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-23 Cheng-Kang Chen , Wen-Yi Chu , Muoi Tran , Laurent Vanbever , Hsu-Chun Hsiao

Smart contracts are appealing because they are self-executing business agreements between parties with the predefined and immutable obligations and rights. However, as with all software, smart contracts may contain vulnerabilities because…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-12-10 Weifeng Xu , Glenn A. Fink

The rapid advancement of blockchain technology has precipitated the widespread adoption of Ethereum and smart contracts across a variety of sectors. However, this has also given rise to numerous fraudulent activities, with many speculators…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Chunyi Zhang , Qinghong Wei , Xiaoqi Li

To empower smart contracts with the promising capabilities of cryptography, Ethereum officially introduced a set of cryptographic APIs that facilitate basic cryptographic operations within smart contracts, such as elliptic curve operations.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Jiashuo Zhang , Jiachi Chen , Zhiyuan Wan , Ting Chen , Jianbo Gao , Zhong Chen

The adoption of blockchain based distributed ledgers is growing fast due to their ability to provide reliability, integrity, and auditability without trusted entities. One of the key capabilities of these emerging platforms is the ability…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-01-23 Anastasia Mavridou , Aron Laszka , Emmanouela Stachtiari , Abhishek Dubey

Ethereum, a leading blockchain platform, has revolutionized the digital economy by enabling decentralized transactions and the execution of smart contracts. Ethereum transactions form the backbone of its network, facilitating peer-to-peer…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Dvir David Biton , Roy Friedman , Yaron Hay

Blockchain is a decentralized, distributed ledger technology that ensures transparency, security, and immutability through cryptographic techniques. However, advancements in quantum computing threaten the security of classical cryptographic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Nicholas J. C. Papadopoulos

We present VeriSmart, a highly precise verifier for ensuring arithmetic safety of Ethereum smart contracts. Writing safe smart contracts without unintended behavior is critically important because smart contracts are immutable and even a…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-09-02 Sunbeom So , Myungho Lee , Jisu Park , Heejo Lee , Hakjoo Oh

While smart contracts are foundational elements of blockchain applications, their inherent susceptibility to security vulnerabilities poses a significant challenge. Existing training datasets employed for vulnerability detection tools may…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Cuong Tran Manh , Hieu Dinh Vo

Decentralized Finance (DeFi) is emerging as a peer-to-peer financial ecosystem, enabling participants to trade products on a permissionless blockchain. Built on blockchain and smart contracts, the DeFi ecosystem has experienced explosive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-07 Peng Qian , Rui Cao , Zhenguang Liu , Wenqing Li , Ming Li , Lun Zhang , Yufeng Xu , Jianhai Chen , Qinming He