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Hom-algebras over a PROP are defined and studied. Several twisting constructions for Hom-algebras over a large class of PROPs are proved, generalizing many such results in the literature. Partial classification of Hom-algebras over a PROP…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2011-03-29 Donald Yau

Theorem proving in natural mathematical language - the mixture of symbolic and natural language used by humans - plays a central role in mathematical advances and education, and tests aspects of reasoning that are core to intelligence. Yet…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Sean Welleck , Jiacheng Liu , Ximing Lu , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Yejin Choi

Transformers can learn to perform numerical computations from examples only. I study nine problems of linear algebra, from basic matrix operations to eigenvalue decomposition and inversion, and introduce and discuss four encoding schemes to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-09 François Charton

We present an environment, benchmark, and deep learning driven automated theorem prover for higher-order logic. Higher-order interactive theorem provers enable the formalization of arbitrary mathematical theories and thereby present an…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Kshitij Bansal , Sarah M. Loos , Markus N. Rabe , Christian Szegedy , Stewart Wilcox

We present the Theorem Prover Museum, and initiative to conserve -- and make publicly available -- the sources and source-related artefacts of automated reasoning systems. Theorem provers have been at the forefront of Artificial…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-04-24 Michael Kohlhase

We implement a automated tactical prover TacticToe on top of the HOL4 interactive theorem prover. TacticToe learns from human proofs which mathematical technique is suitable in each proof situation. This knowledge is then used in a Monte…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-03 Thibault Gauthier , Cezary Kaliszyk , Josef Urban , Ramana Kumar , Michael Norrish

Foundational verification allows programmers to build software which has been empirically shown to have high levels of assurance in a variety of important domains. However, the cost of producing foundationally verified software remains…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-06-01 Alex Sanchez-Stern , Yousef Alhessi , Lawrence Saul , Sorin Lerner

This article provides an algebraic study of intermediate inquisitive and dependence logics. While these logics are usually investigated using team semantics, here we introduce an alternative algebraic semantics and we prove it is complete…

Logic · Mathematics 2023-03-21 Davide Emilio Quadrellaro

Weight space learning aims to extract information about a neural network, such as its training dataset or generalization error. Recent approaches learn directly from model weights, but this presents many challenges as weights are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Jonathan Kahana , Eliahu Horwitz , Imri Shuval , Yedid Hoshen

Alloy is an increasingly popular lightweight specification language based on relational logic. Alloy models can be automatically verified within a bounded scope using off-the-shelf SAT solvers. Since false assertions can usually be…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2012-09-27 Nuno Macedo , Alcino Cunha

Proof automation is crucial to large-scale formal mathematics and software/hardware verification projects in ITPs. Sophisticated tools called hammers have been developed to provide general-purpose proof automation in ITPs such as Coq and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yicheng Qian , Joshua Clune , Clark Barrett , Jeremy Avigad

The main idea in this paper is merging two techniques that have been recently developed. On the one hand, we consider MCCGS, standing for Minimal Canonical Comprehensive Groebner Systems, a recently introduced computational tool yielding…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2007-10-08 Antonio Montes , Tomas Recio

The problem-solving in automated theorem proving (ATP) can be interpreted as a search problem where the prover constructs a proof tree step by step. In this paper, we propose a deep reinforcement learning algorithm for proof search in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-05 Mitsuru Kusumoto , Keisuke Yahata , Masahiro Sakai

Formal, automated theorem proving has long been viewed as a challenge to artificial intelligence. We introduce here a new approach to computer theorem proving, one that employs specialized language models for Lean4 proof generation combined…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Kelly J. Davis

Recent work by Clark et al. (2020) shows that transformers can act as 'soft theorem provers' by answering questions over explicitly provided knowledge in natural language. In our work, we take a step closer to emulating formal theorem…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-07 Swarnadeep Saha , Sayan Ghosh , Shashank Srivastava , Mohit Bansal

We present an approach for testing student learning outcomes in a course on automated reasoning using the Isabelle proof assistant. The approach allows us to test both general understanding of formal proofs in various logical proof systems…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-03-13 Frederik Krogsdal Jacobsen , Jørgen Villadsen

This manuscript synthesizes almost fifteen years of research in algebraic combinatorics, in order to highlight, theme by theme, its perspectives. In part one, building on my thesis work, I use tools from commutative algebra, and in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2009-12-15 Nicolas M. Thiéry

We propose an online training procedure for a transformer-based automated theorem prover. Our approach leverages a new search algorithm, HyperTree Proof Search (HTPS), inspired by the recent success of AlphaZero. Our model learns from…

Transformers are effective and efficient at modeling complex relationships and learning patterns from structured data in many applications. The main aim of this paper is to propose and design NLAFormer, which is a transformer-based…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-08-28 Zhantao Ma , Yihang Gao , Michael K. Ng

In this project, a rather complete proof-theoretical formalization of Lambek Calculus (non-associative with arbitrary extensions) has been ported from Coq proof assistent to HOL4 theorem prover, with some improvements and new theorems.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-05-23 Chun Tian