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In many practical tasks it is needed to estimate an effect of treatment on individual level. For example, in medicine it is essential to determine the patients that would benefit from a certain medicament. In marketing, knowing the persons…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-02-28 Aleksey Buzmakov

Practitioners in medicine, business, political science, and other fields are increasingly aware that decisions should be personalized to each patient, customer, or voter. A given treatment (e.g. a drug or advertisement) should be…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-06-15 Alejandro Schuler , Michael Baiocchi , Robert Tibshirani , Nigam Shah

In personalized marketing, uplift models estimate incremental effects by modeling how customer behavior changes under alternative treatments. However, real-world data often exhibit biases - such as selection bias, spillover effects, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yuxuan Yang , Dugang Liu , Yiyan Huang

Uplift modeling is a key technique for promotion optimization in recommender systems, but standard methods typically fail to account for interference, where treating one item affects the outcomes of others. This violation of the Stable Unit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Bram van den Akker

In many medical and business applications, researchers are interested in estimating individualized treatment effects using data from a randomized experiment. For example in medical applications, doctors learn the treatment effects from…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-03-01 Kevin Wu Han , Han Wu

Recommender systems learn personalized user preferences from user feedback like clicks. However, user feedback is usually biased towards partially observed interests, leaving many users' hidden interests unexplored. Existing approaches…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Jiaju Chen , Wenjie Wang , Chongming Gao , Peng Wu , Jianxiong Wei , Qingsong Hua

In Influence Maximization (IM), the objective is to -- given a budget -- select the optimal set of entities in a network to target with a treatment so as to maximize the total effect. For instance, in marketing, the objective is to target…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Daan Caljon , Jente Van Belle , Jeroen Berrevoets , Wouter Verbeke

Uplift modeling estimates the causal effect of an intervention as the difference between potential outcomes under treatment and control, whereas counterfactual identification aims to recover the joint distribution of these potential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Théo Verhelst , Gianluca Bontempi

An important objective in the development of targeted therapies is to identify the populations where the treatment under consideration has positive benefit risk balance. We consider pivotal clinical trials, where the efficacy of a treatment…

Observational cohort studies are increasingly being used for comparative effectiveness research to assess the safety of therapeutics. Recently, various doubly robust methods have been proposed for average treatment effect estimation by…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-11 Xiaoqing Tan , Shu Yang , Wenyu Ye , Douglas E. Faries , Ilya Lipkovich , Zbigniew Kadziola

In many business applications, including online marketing and customer churn prevention, randomized controlled trials (RCT's) are conducted to investigate on the effect of specific treatment (coupon offers, advertisement mailings,...). Such…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-01-26 Björn Bokelmann , Stefan Lessmann

Individualized treatment rules aim to identify if, when, which, and to whom treatment should be applied. A globally aging population, rising healthcare costs, and increased access to patient-level data have created an urgent need for…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-01-04 Ying-Qi Zhao , Eric B. Laber , Yang Ning , Sumona Saha , Bruce Sands

Uplift modeling, vital in online marketing, seeks to accurately measure the impact of various strategies, such as coupons or discounts, on different users by predicting the Individual Treatment Effect (ITE). In an e-commerce setting, user…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Yinqiu Huang , Shuli Wang , Min Gao , Xue Wei , Changhao Li , Chuan Luo , Yinhua Zhu , Xiong Xiao , Yi Luo

Modern e-commerce services frequently target customers with incentives or interventions to engage them in their products such as games, shopping, video streaming, etc. This customer engagement increases acquisition of more customers and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Qiqi Li , Roopali Singh , Charin Polpanumas , Tanner Fiez , Namita Kumar , Shreya Chakrabarti

Online marketing is critical for many industrial platforms and business applications, aiming to increase user engagement and platform revenue by identifying corresponding delivery-sensitive groups for specific incentives, such as coupons…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Dugang Liu , Xing Tang , Yang Qiao , Miao Liu , Zexu Sun , Xiuqiang He , Zhong Ming

Hierarchical random effect models are used for different purposes in clinical research and other areas. In general, the main focus is on population parameters related to the expected treatment effects or group differences among all units of…

Applications · Statistics 2021-04-07 Maryna Prus , Norbert Benda , Rainer Schwabe

Self-supervised learning has become a popular approach in recent years for its ability to learn meaningful representations without the need for data annotation. This paper proposes a novel image augmentation technique, overlaying images,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-01-25 Yinheng Li , Han Ding , Shaofei Wang

This paper introduces a marketing decision framework that optimizes customer targeting by integrating heterogeneous treatment effect estimation with explicit business guardrails. The objective is to maximize revenue and retention while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Deepit Sapru

There is a need of ensuring machine learning models that are interpretable. Higher interpretability of the model means easier comprehension and explanation of future predictions for end-users. Further, interpretable machine learning models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-17 Gregor Stiglic , Primoz Kocbek , Nino Fijacko , Marinka Zitnik , Katrien Verbert , Leona Cilar

Practitioners in diverse fields such as healthcare, economics and education are eager to apply machine learning to improve decision making. The cost and impracticality of performing experiments and a recent monumental increase in electronic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Fredrik D. Johansson , Uri Shalit , Nathan Kallus , David Sontag