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In this note, we consider the underdamped Langevin dynamics with invariant measure $\mu(\mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}v) \propto e^{-U(x)-|v|^2/2}\,\mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}v$. Assume that the position marginal $\mu_x(\mathrm{d}x)\propto…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2026-04-14 Zexi Fan , Bowen Li , Jianfeng Lu

We study the long-time behavior of the underdamped Langevin dynamics, in the case of so-called \emph{weak confinement}. Indeed, any $\mathrm{L}^\infty$ distribution (in position and velocity) relaxes to equilibrium over time, and we…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-06-18 Giovanni Brigati , Gabriel Stoltz , Andi Q. Wang , Lihan Wang

We study the underdamped Langevin dynamics with invariant measure $\mu(\,\mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}v)\propto \mathrm{e}^{-U(x)-\lvert v\rvert^2/2}\,\mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}v$. Assume that the position marginal $\mu_x(\,\mathrm{d}x)\propto…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2026-05-12 Jianfeng Lu

Convergence to equilibrium of underdamped Langevin dynamics is studied under general assumptions on the potential $U$ allowing for singularities. By modifying the direct approach to convergence in $L^2$ pioneered by F. H\'erau and…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-01-19 Evan Camrud , David P. Herzog , Gabriel Stoltz , Maria Gordina

We provide a framework to analyze the convergence of discretized kinetic Langevin dynamics for $M$-$\nabla$Lipschitz, $m$-convex potentials. Our approach gives convergence rates of $\mathcal{O}(m/M)$, with explicit stepsize restrictions,…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-05-24 Benedict Leimkuhler , Daniel Paulin , Peter A. Whalley

This paper studies convergence to equilibrium for second-order Langevin dynamics under general growth conditions on the potential. Although we are principally motivated by the case when the potential is singular, e.g. when the dynamics has…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-06-10 Fabrice Baudoin , Maria Gordina , David P. Herzog

The scaling of the mobility of two-dimensional Langevin dynamics in a periodic potential as the friction vanishes is not well understood for non-separable potentials. Theoretical results are lacking, and numerical calculation of the…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2022-06-22 G. A. Pavliotis , G. Stoltz , U. Vaes

We consider the convergence of kinetic Langevin dynamics to its ergodic invariant measure, which is Gibbs distribution. Instead of the standard setup where the friction coefficient is a constant scalar, we investigate position-dependent…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-07-02 Keunwoo Lim , Molei Tao

We study the exponential convergence to the stationary state for nonequilibrium Langevin dynamics, by a perturbative approach based on hypocoercive techniques developed for equilibrium Langevin dynamics. The Hamiltonian and overdamped…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2017-07-06 Alessandra Iacobucci , Stefano Olla , Gabriel Stoltz

We study hypercontractivity for the underdamped Langevin dynamics with a convex confining potential. Unlike in the overdamped case, the noise acts only on the velocity variable, so the usual argument based on the logarithmic Sobolev…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2026-05-26 Bowen Li , Jianfeng Lu

Overdamped Langevin dynamics are reversible stochastic differential equations which are commonly used to sample probability measures in high-dimensional spaces, such as the ones appearing in computational statistical physics and Bayesian…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-02-10 Tony Lelièvre , Grigorios A. Pavliotis , Geneviève Robin , Régis Santet , Gabriel Stoltz

Langevin dynamics has found a large number of applications in sampling, optimization and estimation. Preconditioning the gradient in the dynamics with the covariance - an idea that originated in literature related to solving estimation and…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-04-28 Axel Ringh , Akash Sharma

We introduce a new probabilistic approach to quantify convergence to equilibrium for (kinetic) Langevin processes. In contrast to previous analytic approaches that focus on the associated kinetic Fokker-Planck equation, our approach is…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-07-02 Andreas Eberle , Arnaud Guillin , Raphael Zimmer

In this paper, we study an ordinary differential equation with a degenerate global attractor at the origin, to which we add a white noise with a small parameter that regulates its intensity. Under general conditions, for any fixed…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-05-27 Gerardo Barrera , Conrado da Costa , Milton Jara

In this work, we take a step towards understanding overdamped Langevin dynamics for the minimization of a general class of objective functions $\mathcal{L}$. We establish well-posedness and regularity of the law $\rho_t$ of the process…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2026-04-02 Massimo Fornasier , Lukang Sun , Rachel Ward

We study the problem of sampling from a distribution $p^*(x) \propto \exp\left(-U(x)\right)$, where the function $U$ is $L$-smooth everywhere and $m$-strongly convex outside a ball of radius $R$, but potentially nonconvex inside this ball.…

A systematic procedure for optimising the friction coefficient in underdamped Langevin dynamics as a sampling tool is given by taking the gradient of the associated asymptotic variance with respect to friction. We give an expression for…

Computation · Statistics 2023-11-01 Martin Chak , Nikolas Kantas , Tony Lelièvre , Grigorios A. Pavliotis

As an example of the nonlinear Fokker-Planck equation, the mean field Langevin dynamics recently attracts attention due to its connection to (noisy) gradient descent on infinitely wide neural networks in the mean field regime, and hence the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-28 Atsushi Nitanda , Denny Wu , Taiji Suzuki

We present a novel method for drawing samples from Gibbs distributions with densities of the form $\pi(x) \propto \exp(-U(x))$. The method accelerates the unadjusted Langevin algorithm by introducing an inertia term similar to Polyak's…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-10-09 Alexander Falk , Andreas Habring , Christoph Griesbacher , Thomas Pock

In this work we consider the unbiased estimation of expectations w.r.t.~probability measures that have non-negative Lebesgue density, and which are known point-wise up-to a normalizing constant. We focus upon developing an unbiased method…

Computation · Statistics 2023-08-17 Hamza Ruzayqat , Neil K. Chada , Ajay Jasra
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