Related papers: Blinded sample size re-estimation in equivalence t…

We introduce a new multiple type I error criterion for clinical trials with multiple populations. Such trials are of interest in precision medicine where the goal is to develop treatments that are targeted to specific sub-populations…

Nonlinear longitudinal proportional effect models have been proposed to improve power and provide direct estimates of the proportional treatment effect in randomized clinical trials. These models assume a fixed proportional treatment effect…

We explore the challenges posed by the violation of Bell-like inequalities by $d$-dimensional systems exposed to imperfect state-preparation and measurement settings. We address, in particular, the limit of high-dimensional systems,…

p-hacking occurs when researchers conduct multiple significance tests (e.g., p1;H0,1 and p2;H0,2) and then selectively report tests that yield desirable (usually significant) results (e.g., p2 < 0.05;H0,2) without correcting for multiple…

By employing various empirical estimators for the Mutual Information (MI) measure, we calculate and compare the estimates and their confidence intervals for both normal and non-normal bivariate data samples. We find that certain nonlinear…

While the design of blind image quality assessment (IQA) algorithms has improved significantly, the distribution shift between the training and testing scenarios often leads to a poor performance of these methods at inference time. This…

We derive the sample size formulae for comparing two negative binomial rates based on both the relative and absolute rate difference metrics in noninferiority and equivalence trials with unequal follow-up times, and establish an approximate…

Data contamination -- the accidental consumption of evaluation examples within the pre-training data -- can undermine the validity of evaluation benchmarks. In this paper, we present a rigorous analysis of the effects of contamination on…

Machine learning methods are increasingly applied in medical imaging, yet many reported improvements lack statistical robustness: recent works have highlighted that small but significant performance gains are highly likely to be false…

This note uses a simple example to show how moment inequality models used in the empirical economics literature lead to general minimax relative efficiency comparisons. The main point is that such models involve inference on a low…

Bell inequalities applicable to non-ideal EPRB experiments are critical to the interpretation of experimental Bell tests. In this article it is shown that previous treatments of this subject are incorrect due to an implicit assumption and…

Inference in models where the parameter is defined by moment inequalities is of interest in many areas of economics. This paper develops a new method for improving the performance of generalized moment selection (GMS) testing procedures in…

Entanglement witnesses such as Bell inequalities are frequently used to prove the non-classicality of a light source and its suitability for further tasks. By demonstrating Bell inequality violations using classical light in common…

In research on eye movements in reading, it is common to analyze a number of canonical dependent measures to study how the effects of a manipulation unfold over time. Although this gives rise to the well-known multiple comparisons problem,…

Simultaneous tests of superiority and non-inferiority hypotheses on multiple endpoints are often performed in clinical trials to demonstrate that a new treatment is superior over a control on at least one endpoint and non-inferior on the…

This work revisits optimal response-adaptive designs from a type-I error rate perspective, highlighting when and how much these allocations exacerbate type-I error rate inflation - an issue previously undocumented. We explore a range of…

There is growing interest in Bayesian clinical trial designs with informative prior distributions, e.g. for extrapolation of adult data to pediatrics, or use of external controls. While the classical type I error is commonly used to…

Hybrid clinical trials, that borrow real-world data (RWD), are gaining interest, especially for rare diseases. They assume RWD and randomized control arm be exchangeable, but violations can bias results, inflate type I error, or reduce…

In the era of Model-as-a-Service, organizations increasingly rely on third-party AI models for rapid deployment. However, the dynamic nature of emerging AI applications, the continual introduction of new datasets, and the growing number of…

In systematic reviews and meta-analysis, researchers often pool the results of the sample mean and standard deviation from a set of similar clinical trials. A number of the trials, however, reported the study using the median, the minimum…