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Benford's Law predicts that the first significant digit on the leftmost side of numbers in real-life data is proportioned between all possible 1 to 9 digits approximately as in LOG(1 + 1/digit), so that low digits occur much more frequently…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-01-03 Alex Ely Kossovsky

Benford's law is the statement that in many real world data sets, the probability of having digit $d$ in base $B$ as the first digit is \log_{B}\!\left(\frac{d+1}{d}\right) for all $1 \leq d \leq B$. We sometimes refer to this as weak…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-03-06 Bruce Fang , Steven J. Miller

In this paper, we will see that the proportion of d as leading digit, d $\in$ 1, 9, in data (obtained thanks to the hereunder developed model) is more likely to follow a law whose probability distribution is determined by a specific upper…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-06-13 Stéphane Blondeau da Silva

We show that the frequency distribution of the first significant digits of the numbers in the data sets generated from a large class of measures of quantum correlations, which are either entanglement measures, or belong to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-07-28 Titas Chanda , Tamoghna Das , Debasis Sadhukhan , Amit Kumar Pal , Aditi Sen De , Ujjwal Sen

We discuss a common suspicion about reported financial data, in 10 industrial sectors of the 6 so called "main developing countries" over the time interval [2000-2014]. These data are examined through Benford's law first significant digit…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2017-12-04 Jing Shi , Marcel Ausloos , Tingting Zhu

Benford's law is a famous law in statistics which states that the leading digits of random variables in diverse data sets appear not uniformly from 1 to 9; the probability that d (d=1,...,9) appears as a leading digit is given by…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-05-07 Kazufumi Ozawa

Benford's law states that in data sets from different phenomena leading digits tend to be distributed logarithmically such that the numbers beginning with smaller digits occur more often than those with larger ones. Particularly, the law is…

Physics and Society · Physics 2016-01-12 Tariq Ahmad Mir

We determine the leading digit laws for the matrix components of a linear Lie group $G$. These laws generalize the observations that the normalized Haar measure of the Lie group $\mathbb{R}^+$ is $dx/x$ and that the scale invariance of…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2015-07-08 Corey Manack , Steven J. Miller

The intriguing law of anomalous numbers, also named Benford's law, states that the significant digits of data follow a logarithmic distribution favoring the smallest values. In this work, we test the compliance with this law of the atomic…

Atomic Physics · Physics 2024-05-30 Jean-Christophe Pain , Yuri Ralchenko

The uneven distribution of digits in numerical data, known as Benford's law, was discovered in 1881. Since then, this law has been shown to be correct in copious numerical data relating to economics, physics and even prime numbers. Although…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2009-07-28 Oded Kafri

Benford's law states that the occurrence of significant digits in many data sets is not uniform but tends to follow a logarithmic distribution such that the smaller digits appear as first significant digits more frequently than the larger…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2011-11-07 Tariq Ahmad Mir

Benford's law is an empirical law predicting the distribution of the first significant digits of numbers obtained from natural phenomena and mathematical tables. It has been found to be applicable for numbers coming from a plethora of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-09-05 Ameya Deepak Rane , Utkarsh Mishra , Anindya Biswas , Aditi Sen De , Ujjwal Sen

In this paper, we will see that the proportion of d as p th digit, where p > 1 and d $\in$ 0, 9, in data (obtained thanks to the hereunder developed model) is more likely to follow a law whose probability distribution is determined by a…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2018-05-04 Stéphane Blondeau da Silva

Benford's Law predicts that the first significant digit on the leftmost side of numbers in real-life data is proportioned between all possible 1 to 9 digits approximately as in LOG(1 + 1/digit), so that low digits occur much more frequently…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-01-22 Alex Ely Kossovsky

The Newcomb-Benford Law, which is also called the first digit phenomenon, has applications in diverse phenomena ranging from social and computer networks, engineering systems, natural sciences, and accounting. In forensics, it has been used…

Physics and Society · Physics 2018-06-19 Subhash Kak

Benford's Law states that the frequency of first digits of numbers in naturally occurring systems is not evenly distributed. Numbers beginning with a 1 occur roughly 30\% of the time, and are six times more common than numbers beginning…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2016-02-17 Jennifer Golbeck

Considering the first significant digits (noted d) in data sets of dissipation for turbulent flows, the probability to find a given number (d=1 or 2 or... 9) would be 1/9 for an uniform distribution. Instead the probability closely follows…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2015-11-18 Damien Biau

The following work is written in easy language for college level students. It shows how the first digit probabilities of a group of continuous real-valued functions can be calculated. Thus, examples explaining how the probabilities are…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2021-03-15 Irina Pashchenko

Benford's law is an empirical observation, first reported by Simon Newcomb in 1881 and then independently by Frank Benford in 1938: the first significant digits of numbers in large data are often distributed according to a logarithmically…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2018-02-13 Tariq Ahmad Mir , Marcel Ausloos

A century ago, it was predicted that the first significant digit appearing in a data would be nonuniformly distributed, with the number one appearing with the highest frequency. This law goes by the name of Benford's law. It holds for data…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-10-07 Aditi Sen De , Ujjwal Sen