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Models based on the Transformer architecture have achieved better accuracy than the ones based on competing architectures for a large set of tasks. A unique feature of the Transformer is its universal application of a self-attention…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-01 Nan Ding , Xinjie Fan , Zhenzhong Lan , Dale Schuurmans , Radu Soricut

The advent of Transformers marked a significant breakthrough in sequence modelling, providing a highly performant architecture capable of leveraging GPU parallelism. However, Transformers are computationally expensive at inference time,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Leo Feng , Frederick Tung , Hossein Hajimirsadeghi , Mohamed Osama Ahmed , Yoshua Bengio , Greg Mori

Explainability is key to enhancing artificial intelligence's trustworthiness in medicine. However, several issues remain concerning the actual benefit of explainable models for clinical decision-making. Firstly, there is a lack of consensus…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-18 Kazuma Kobayashi , Yasuyuki Takamizawa , Mototaka Miyake , Sono Ito , Lin Gu , Tatsuya Nakatsuka , Yu Akagi , Tatsuya Harada , Yukihide Kanemitsu , Ryuji Hamamoto

Attention is a very efficient way to model the relationship between two sequences by comparing how similar two intermediate representations are. Initially demonstrated in NMT, it is a standard in all NLU tasks today when efficient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-24 Rajarshee Mitra

Achieving human-level performance on some of the Machine Reading Comprehension (MRC) datasets is no longer challenging with the help of powerful Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs). However, the internal mechanism of these artifacts remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Yiming Cui , Wei-Nan Zhang , Wanxiang Che , Ting Liu , Zhigang Chen , Shijin Wang

Attention mechanisms have become a foundational component in diffusion models, significantly influencing their capacity across a wide range of generative and discriminative tasks. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of attention…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Litao Hua , Fan Liu , Jie Su , Xingyu Miao , Zizhou Ouyang , Zeyu Wang , Runze Hu , Zhenyu Wen , Bing Zhai , Yang Long , Haoran Duan , Yuan Zhou

Transformer models typically calculate attention matrices using dot products, which have limitations when capturing nonlinear relationships between embedding vectors. We propose Neural Attention, a technique that replaces dot products with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Andrew DiGiugno , Ausif Mahmood

Explainable AI (XAI) has become critical as transformer-based models are deployed in high-stakes applications including healthcare, legal systems, and financial services, where opacity hinders trust and accountability. Transformers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-22 George Mihaila

In this article, we present a leap-forward expansion to the study of explainability in neural networks by considering explanations as answers to abstract reasoning-based questions. With $P$ as the prediction from a neural network, these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-25 Ghassan AlRegib , Mohit Prabhushankar

Large language models (LLMs) achieve strong performance across many natural language processing tasks, yet their decision processes remain difficult to interpret. This lack of transparency creates challenges for trust, debugging, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Venkata Abhinandan Kancharla

Neural network architectures in natural language processing often use attention mechanisms to produce probability distributions over input token representations. Attention has empirically been demonstrated to improve performance in various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-10 George Chrysostomou , Nikolaos Aletras

Many recent deep learning-based solutions have widely adopted the attention-based mechanism in various tasks of the NLP discipline. However, the inherent characteristics of deep learning models and the flexibility of the attention mechanism…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-09 Dairui Liu , Derek Greene , Ruihai Dong

Image classification models have achieved satisfactory performance on many datasets, sometimes even better than human. However, The model attention is unclear since the lack of interpretability. This paper investigates the fidelity and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-30 Wenjia Xu , Jiuniu Wang , Yang Wang , Guangluan Xu , Wei Dai , Yirong Wu

Advances in language modeling have led to the development of deep attention-based models that are performant across a wide variety of natural language processing (NLP) problems. These language models are typified by a pre-training process…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-09-16 Joseph F DeRose , Jiayao Wang , Matthew Berger

In neuroscience, attention has been shown to bidirectionally interact with reinforcement learning (RL) processes. This interaction is thought to support dimensionality reduction of task representations, restricting computations to relevant…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Lennart Bramlage , Aurelio Cortese

Attention mechanism has become the dominant module in natural language processing models. It is computationally intensive and depends on massive power-hungry multiplications. In this paper, we rethink variants of attention mechanism from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Yu Wan , Baosong Yang , Dayiheng Liu , Rong Xiao , Derek F. Wong , Haibo Zhang , Boxing Chen , Lidia S. Chao

The attention mechanism lies at the core of the transformer architecture, providing an interpretable model-internal signal that has motivated a growing interest in attention-based model explanations. Although attention weights do not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Marte Eggen , Jacob Lysnæs-Larsen , Inga Strümke

Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models have shown remarkable performance but remain largely opaque in their decision making processes. The interpretability of these models, especially their internal attention mechanisms, is critical for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Anurag Mishra

In this work, we present the first general logic of attention. Attention is a powerful cognitive ability that allows agents to focus on potentially complex information, such as logically structured propositions, higher-order beliefs, or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Gaia Belardinelli , Thomas Bolander , Sebastian Watzl

Learning algorithms become more powerful, often at the cost of increased complexity. In response, the demand for algorithms to be transparent is growing. In NLP tasks, attention distributions learned by attention-based deep learning models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-09 Joris Baan , Maartje ter Hoeve , Marlies van der Wees , Anne Schuth , Maarten de Rijke