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We present Token-UNet, adopting the TokenLearner and TokenFuser modules to encase Transformers into UNets. While Transformers have enabled global interactions among input elements in medical imaging, current computational challenges hinder…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Louis Fabrice Tshimanga , Andrea Zanola , Federico Del Pup , Manfredo Atzori

Viewing Transformers as interacting particle systems, we describe the geometry of learned representations when the weights are not time dependent. We show that particles, representing tokens, tend to cluster toward particular limiting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Borjan Geshkovski , Cyril Letrouit , Yury Polyanskiy , Philippe Rigollet

Attention mechanisms have become a popular component in deep neural networks, yet there has been little examination of how different influencing factors and methods for computing attention from these factors affect performance. Toward a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-04-15 Xizhou Zhu , Dazhi Cheng , Zheng Zhang , Stephen Lin , Jifeng Dai

Transformers have emerged as a powerful neural network architecture capable of tackling a wide range of learning tasks. In this work, we provide a theoretical analysis of their ability to automatically extract structure from data in an…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-29 Rodrigo Maulen-Soto , Pierre Marion , Claire Boyer

The transformer architecture is central to the success of modern Large Language Models (LLMs), in part due to its surprising ability to perform a wide range of tasks - including mathematical reasoning, memorization, and retrieval - using…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Yihe Dong , Lorenzo Noci , Mikhail Khodak , Mufan Li

Transformer-based models have emerged as a leading architecture for natural language processing, natural language generation, and image generation tasks. A fundamental element of the transformer architecture is self-attention, which allows…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Venmugil Elango

The self-attention module is a key component of Transformer-based models, wherein each token pays attention to every other token. Recent studies have shown that these heads exhibit syntactic, semantic, or local behaviour. Some studies have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-14 Madhura Pande , Aakriti Budhraja , Preksha Nema , Pratyush Kumar , Mitesh M. Khapra

Constituting highly informative network embeddings is an important tool for network analysis. It encodes network topology, along with other useful side information, into low-dimensional node-based feature representations that can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-06 Liqun Chen , Guoyin Wang , Chenyang Tao , Dinghan Shen , Pengyu Cheng , Xinyuan Zhang , Wenlin Wang , Yizhe Zhang , Lawrence Carin

The recent boom of linear forecasting models questions the ongoing passion for architectural modifications of Transformer-based forecasters. These forecasters leverage Transformers to model the global dependencies over temporal tokens of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Yong Liu , Tengge Hu , Haoran Zhang , Haixu Wu , Shiyu Wang , Lintao Ma , Mingsheng Long

Transformers have emerged as the architecture of choice for many state-of-the-art AI models, showcasing exceptional performance across a wide range of AI applications. However, the memory demands imposed by Transformers limit their ability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Hao Liu , Matei Zaharia , Pieter Abbeel

We argue that Transformers are essentially graph-to-graph models, with sequences just being a special case. Attention weights are functionally equivalent to graph edges. Our Graph-to-Graph Transformer architecture makes this ability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-30 James Henderson , Alireza Mohammadshahi , Andrei C. Coman , Lesly Miculicich

Language models for code such as CodeBERT offer the capability to learn advanced source code representation, but their opacity poses barriers to understanding of captured properties. Recent attention analysis studies provide initial…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Mootez Saad , Tushar Sharma

Transformer has significantly propelled the development of artificial intelligence, and certainly the development of agents as well. We categorize attention structures of Transformer into two types based on the source of the input…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yongjin Cui , Xiaohui Fan , Huajun Chen

We propose TabTransformer, a novel deep tabular data modeling architecture for supervised and semi-supervised learning. The TabTransformer is built upon self-attention based Transformers. The Transformer layers transform the embeddings of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Xin Huang , Ashish Khetan , Milan Cvitkovic , Zohar Karnin

The Transformer architecture has revolutionized the field of sequence modeling and underpins the recent breakthroughs in large language models (LLMs). However, a comprehensive mathematical theory that explains its structure and operations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Xue-Cheng Tai , Hao Liu , Lingfeng Li , Raymond H. Chan

Self-attention in vision transformers is often thought to perform perceptual grouping where tokens attend to other tokens with similar embeddings, which could correspond to semantically similar features of an object. However, attending to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Xu Pan , Aaron Philip , Ziqian Xie , Odelia Schwartz

The attention mechanism is a core component of the Transformer architecture. Beyond improving performance, attention has been proposed as a mechanism for explainability via attention weights, which are associated with input features (e.g.,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Andrés Carvallo , Denis Parra , Peter Brusilovsky , Hernan Valdivieso , Gabriel Rada , Ivania Donoso , Vladimir Araujo

The Transformer is a sequence model that forgoes traditional recurrent architectures in favor of a fully attention-based approach. Besides improving performance, an advantage of using attention is that it can also help to interpret a model…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-06-14 Jesse Vig

Token embeddings play a crucial role in language modeling but, despite this practical relevance, their theoretical understanding remains limited. Our paper addresses the gap by characterizing the structure of embeddings obtained via…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Diyuan Wu , Aleksandr Shevchenko , Samet Oymak , Marco Mondelli

This work introduces a new Transformer model called Cached Transformer, which uses Gated Recurrent Cached (GRC) attention to extend the self-attention mechanism with a differentiable memory cache of tokens. GRC attention enables attending…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-21 Zhaoyang Zhang , Wenqi Shao , Yixiao Ge , Xiaogang Wang , Jinwei Gu , Ping Luo