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We describe a formal model for annotating linguistic artifacts, from which we derive an application programming interface (API) to a suite of tools for manipulating these annotations. The abstract logical model provides for a range of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Steven Bird , David Day , John Garofolo , John Henderson , Christophe Laprun , Mark Liberman

In recent years, progress in NLU has been driven by benchmarks. These benchmarks are typically collected by crowdsourcing, where annotators write examples based on annotation instructions crafted by dataset creators. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Mihir Parmar , Swaroop Mishra , Mor Geva , Chitta Baral

The performance of current supervised AI systems is tightly connected to the availability of annotated datasets. Annotations are usually collected through annotation tools, which are often designed for specific tasks and are difficult to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Naihao Deng , Yikai Liu , Mingye Chen , Winston Wu , Siyang Liu , Yulong Chen , Yue Zhang , Rada Mihalcea

Active learning (AL), which iteratively queries the most informative examples from a large pool of unlabeled candidates for model training, faces significant challenges in the presence of open-set classes. Existing methods either prioritize…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Chen-Chen Zong , Sheng-Jun Huang

Deep predictive models rely on human supervision in the form of labeled training data. Obtaining large amounts of annotated training data can be expensive and time consuming, and this becomes a critical bottleneck while building such models…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-10-01 Bindya Venkatesh , Jayaraman J. Thiagarajan

Accurate segmentation of tissue in histopathological images can be very beneficial for defining regions of interest (ROI) for streamline of diagnostic and prognostic tasks. Still, adapting to different domains is essential for…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-10 Saul Fuster , Farbod Khoraminia , Trygve Eftestøl , Tahlita C. M. Zuiverloon , Kjersti Engan

State-of-the-art supervised NLP models achieve high accuracy but are also susceptible to failures on inputs from low-data regimes, such as domains that are not represented in training data. As an approximation to collecting ground-truth…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Parikshit Bansal , Amit Sharma

Training a real-time gesture recognition model heavily relies on annotated data. However, manual data annotation is costly and demands substantial human effort. In order to address this challenge, we propose a framework that can…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Junxiao Shen , Xuhai Xu , Ran Tan , Amy Karlson , Evan Strasnick

Federated learning (FL) has been intensively investigated in terms of communication efficiency, privacy, and fairness. However, efficient annotation, which is a pain point in real-world FL applications, is less studied. In this project, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Jin-Hyun Ahn , Kyungsang Kim , Jeongwan Koh , Quanzheng Li

Process Reward Models (PRMs) provide step-level supervision to large language models (LLMs), but scaling up training data annotation remains challenging for both humans and LLMs. To address this limitation, we propose an active learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Keyu Duan , Zichen Liu , Xin Mao , Tianyu Pang , Changyu Chen , Qiguang Chen , Michael Qizhe Shieh , Longxu Dou

The wide adoption of Machine Learning technologies has created a rapidly growing demand for people who can train ML models. Some advocated the term "machine teacher" to refer to the role of people who inject domain knowledge into ML models.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-10-01 Bhavya Ghai , Q. Vera Liao , Yunfeng Zhang , Rachel Bellamy , Klaus Mueller

Active learning for sentence understanding aims at discovering informative unlabeled data for annotation and therefore reducing the demand for labeled data. We argue that the typical uncertainty sampling method for active learning is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-29 Dongyu Ru , Jiangtao Feng , Lin Qiu , Hao Zhou , Mingxuan Wang , Weinan Zhang , Yong Yu , Lei Li

Active learning (AL) is a training paradigm for selecting unlabeled samples for annotation to improve model performance on a test set, which is useful when only a limited number of samples can be annotated. These algorithms often work by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Lorenzo Jaime Yu Flores , Cesare Spinoso di-Piano , Ori Ernst , David Ifeoluwa Adelani , Jackie Chi Kit Cheung

Learning algorithms normally assume that there is at most one annotation or label per data point. However, in some scenarios, such as medical diagnosis and on-line collaboration,multiple annotations may be available. In either case,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-03-19 Yan Yan , Romer Rosales , Glenn Fung , Jennifer Dy

Auto-annotation by ensemble of models is an efficient method of learning on unlabeled data. Wrong or inaccurate annotations generated by the ensemble may lead to performance degradation of the trained model. To deal with this problem we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Dror Simon , Miriam Farber , Roman Goldenberg

Active learning aims to select a small subset of data for annotation such that a classifier learned on the data is highly accurate. This is usually done using heuristic selection methods, however the effectiveness of such methods is limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-08-09 Meng Fang , Yuan Li , Trevor Cohn

Medical image analysis requires substantial labeled data for model training, yet expert annotation is expensive and time-consuming. Active learning (AL) addresses this challenge by strategically selecting the most informative samples for…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-06 Ifrat Ikhtear Uddin , Longwei Wang , Xiao Qin , Yang Zhou , KC Santosh

High annotation cost for training machine learning classifiers has driven extensive research in active learning and self-supervised learning. Recent research has shown that in the context of supervised learning different active learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Ziting Wen , Oscar Pizarro , Stefan Williams

Within the scope of natural language processing, the domain of multi-label text classification is uniquely challenging due to its expansive and uneven label distribution. The complexity deepens due to the demand for an extensive set of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Wei Tan , Ngoc Dang Nguyen , Lan Du , Wray Buntine

Semantic segmentation is crucial for various biomedical applications, yet its reliance on large annotated datasets presents a bottleneck due to the high cost and specialized expertise required for manual labeling. Active Learning (AL) aims…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Carsten T. Lüth , Jeremias Traub , Kim-Celine Kahl , Till J. Bungert , Lukas Klein , Lars Krämer , Paul F. Jaeger , Fabian Isensee , Klaus Maier-Hein
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