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Watermarking has emerged as a crucial technique for detecting and attributing content generated by large language models. While recent advancements have utilized watermark ensembles to enhance robustness, prevailing methods typically…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Ruibo Chen , Yihan Wu , Xuehao Cui , Jingqi Zhang , Heng Huang

In this paper, we study the problem of watermarking large language models (LLMs). We consider the trade-off between model distortion and detection ability and formulate it as a constrained optimization problem based on the red-green list…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Zhongze Cai , Shang Liu , Hanzhao Wang , Huaiyang Zhong , Xiaocheng Li

This paper presents an application of statistical machine learning to the field of watermarking. We propose a new attack model on additive spread-spectrum watermarking systems. The proposed attack is based on Bayesian statistics. We…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2012-06-22 Ivo Shterev , David Dunson

It is crucial to protect the intellectual property rights of DNN models prior to their deployment. The DNN should perform two main tasks: its primary task and watermarking task. This paper proposes a lightweight, reliable, and secure DNN…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-12-07 Kassem Kallas , Teddy Furon

Watermarks for AI-generated images are meant to support downstream decisions about provenance, manipulation, and trust. In the settings that motivate watermark removal, therefore, success means more than causing the watermark test to fail.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yevin Nikhel Goonatilake , Giuseppe Ateniese

Efficient and reliable detection of generated images is critical for the responsible deployment of generative models. Existing approaches primarily focus on improving detection accuracy and robustness under various image transformations and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Xinrui Zhong , Xinze Feng , Jingwei Zuo , Fanjiang Ye , Yi Mu , Junfeng Guo , Heng Huang , Myungjin Lee , Yuke Wang

Reasoning Large Language Models (RLLMs) excelling in complex tasks present unique challenges for digital watermarking, as existing methods often disrupt logical coherence or incur high computational costs. Token-based watermarking…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Shuliang Liu , Xingyu Li , Hongyi Liu , Dong Fang , Yibo Yan , Bingchen Duan , Qi Zheng , Lingfeng Su , Xuming Hu

Due to the wide distribution and usage of digital media, an important issue is protection of the digital content. There is a number of algorithms and techniques developed for the digital watermarking.In this paper, the invisible image…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2015-02-09 Jelena Music , Ivan Knezevic , Edis Franca

Watermarking of language model outputs enables statistical detection of model-generated text, which can mitigate harms and misuses of language models. Existing watermarking strategies operate by altering the decoder of an existing language…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Chenchen Gu , Xiang Lisa Li , Percy Liang , Tatsunori Hashimoto

Watermarking methods have always been effective means of protecting intellectual property, yet they face significant challenges. Although existing deep learning-based watermarking systems can hide watermarks in images with minimal impact on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Xuan Ding , Xiu Yan , Chuanlong Xie , Yao Zhu

Popular methods usually use a degradation model in a supervised way to learn a watermark removal model. However, it is true that reference images are difficult to obtain in the real world, as well as collected images by cameras suffer from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Chunwei Tian , Menghua Zheng , Bo Li , Yanning Zhang , Shichao Zhang , David Zhang

This paper presents a robust and transparent scheme of watermarking that exploits the human visual systems' sensitivity to frequency, along with local image characteristics obtained from the spatial domain. The underlying idea is generating…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Arvind Parthasarathy

Large-language models (LLMs) are now able to produce text that is, in many cases, seemingly indistinguishable from human-generated content. This has fueled the development of watermarks that imprint a ``signal'' in LLM-generated text with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Dor Tsur , Carol Xuan Long , Claudio Mayrink Verdun , Hsiang Hsu , Haim Permuter , Flavio P. Calmon

Digital watermarking is extensively used in ownership authentication and copyright protection. In this paper, we propose an efficient thresholding scheme to improve the watermark embedding procedure in an image. For the proposed algorithm,…

Digital water marking is one of the essential fields in image security and copyright protection. The proposed technique in this paper was based on the principle of protecting images by hide an invisible watermark in the image. The technique…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2013-07-05 Firas A. Jassim

Tree-Ring Watermarking is a significant technique for authenticating AI-generated images. However, its effectiveness in rectified flow-based models remains unexplored, particularly given the inherent challenges of these models with noise…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Ved Umrajkar , Aakash Kumar Singh

The aim of colour constancy is to discount the effect of the scene illumination from the image colours and restore the colours of the objects as captured under a 'white' illuminant. For the majority of colour constancy methods, the first…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-04 Ghalia Hemrit , Joseph Meehan

In this paper, we propose a novel statistical framework for watermarking generative categorical data. Our method systematically embeds pre-agreed secret signals by splitting the data distribution into two components and modifying one…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Bochao Gu , Hengzhi He , Guang Cheng

Digital watermarking is a promising solution for mitigating some of the risks arising from the misuse of automatically generated text. These approaches either embed non-specific watermarks to allow for the detection of any text generated by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Zihao Fu , Chris Russell

Watermarking has become the tendency in protecting the intellectual property of DNN models. Recent works, from the adversary's perspective, attempted to subvert watermarking mechanisms by designing watermark removal attacks. However, these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Shangwei Guo , Tianwei Zhang , Han Qiu , Yi Zeng , Tao Xiang , Yang Liu