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Training deep neural networks requires intricate initialization and careful selection of learning rates. The emergence of stochastic gradient optimization methods that use adaptive learning rates based on squared past gradients, e.g.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Jianbang Ding , Xuancheng Ren , Ruixuan Luo , Xu Sun

Adam is widely adopted in practical applications due to its fast convergence. However, its theoretical analysis is still far from satisfactory. Existing convergence analyses for Adam rely on the bounded smoothness assumption, referred to as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Bohan Wang , Yushun Zhang , Huishuai Zhang , Qi Meng , Ruoyu Sun , Zhi-Ming Ma , Tie-Yan Liu , Zhi-Quan Luo , Wei Chen

The dynamic behavior of RMSprop and Adam algorithms is studied through a combination of careful numerical experiments and theoretical explanations. Three types of qualitative features are observed in the training loss curve: fast initial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-01 Chao Ma , Lei Wu , Weinan E

Adaptive Moment Estimation (Adam), which combines Adaptive Learning Rate and Momentum, would be the most popular stochastic optimizer for accelerating the training of deep neural networks. However, it is empirically known that Adam often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-15 Zeke Xie , Xinrui Wang , Huishuai Zhang , Issei Sato , Masashi Sugiyama

Adaptive gradient methods such as RMSProp and Adam use exponential moving estimate of the squared gradient to compute adaptive step sizes, achieving better convergence than SGD in face of noisy objectives. However, Adam can have undesirable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-06 Chen Zhu , Yu Cheng , Zhe Gan , Furong Huang , Jingjing Liu , Tom Goldstein

Adaptive learning rate methods have been successfully applied in many fields, especially in training deep neural networks. Recent results have shown that adaptive methods with exponential increasing weights on squared past gradients (i.e.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-05 Hui Zhong , Zaiyi Chen , Chuan Qin , Zai Huang , Vincent W. Zheng , Tong Xu , Enhong Chen

Adaptive optimization algorithms, particularly Adam and its variant AdamW, are fundamental components of modern deep learning. However, their training dynamics lack comprehensive theoretical understanding, with limited insight into why…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Rhys Gould , Hidenori Tanaka

The learning rate is a crucial hyperparameter in deep learning, with its ideal value depending on the problem and potentially changing during training. In this paper, we investigate the practical utility of adaptive learning rate mechanisms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Asma Atamna , Tom Maus , Fabian Kievelitz , Tobias Glasmachers

Optimal selection of optimization algorithms is crucial for training deep learning models. The Adam optimizer has gained significant attention due to its efficiency and wide applicability. However, to enhance the adaptability of optimizers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Chengxi Pan , Junshang Chen , Jingrui Ye

Deep neural networks are traditionally trained using human-designed stochastic optimization algorithms, such as SGD and Adam. Recently, the approach of learning to optimize network parameters has emerged as a promising research topic.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-26 Shipeng Wang , Jian Sun , Zongben Xu

Adaptive gradient methods for stochastic optimization adjust the learning rate for each parameter locally. However, there is also a global learning rate which must be tuned in order to get the best performance. In this paper, we present a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-12 Hiroaki Hayashi , Jayanth Koushik , Graham Neubig

Adaptive gradient methods, such as Adam and LAMB, have demonstrated excellent performance in the training of large language models. Nevertheless, the need for adaptivity requires maintaining second-moment estimates of the per-parameter…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Yang Luo , Xiaozhe Ren , Zangwei Zheng , Zhuo Jiang , Xin Jiang , Yang You

Adaptive gradient methods have achieved remarkable success in training deep neural networks on a wide variety of tasks. However, not much is known about the mathematical and statistical properties of this family of methods. This work aims…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Zhang Zhiyi , Liu Ziyin

This paper deals with nonconvex stochastic optimization problems in deep learning and provides appropriate learning rates with which adaptive learning rate optimization algorithms, such as Adam and AMSGrad, can approximate a stationary…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-11-24 Hideaki Iiduka

Adam is one of the most popular optimization algorithms in deep learning. However, it is known that Adam does not converge in theory unless choosing a hyperparameter, i.e., $\beta_2$, in a problem-dependent manner. There have been many…

The Adaptive Momentum Estimation (Adam) algorithm is highly effective in training various deep learning tasks. Despite this, there's limited theoretical understanding for Adam, especially when focusing on its vanilla form in non-convex…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-25 Yusu Hong , Junhong Lin

Modern recommendation systems frequently employ online learning to dynamically update their models with freshly collected data. The most commonly used optimizer for updating neural networks in these contexts is the Adam optimizer, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Shaowen Wang , Anan Liu , Jian Xiao , Huan Liu , Yuekui Yang , Cong Xu , Qianqian Pu , Suncong Zheng , Wei Zhang , Di Wang , Jie Jiang , Jian Li

Accelerated training algorithms, such as adaptive learning rates (or preconditioning) and various normalization methods, are widely used but not fully understood. When regularization is introduced, standard optimizers like adaptive learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Qiang Ye

Adaptive gradient optimization methods, such as Adam, are prevalent in training deep neural networks across diverse machine learning tasks due to their ability to achieve faster convergence. However, these methods often suffer from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Abulikemu Abuduweili , Changliu Liu

Reinforcement learning (RL), particularly RL from verifiable reward (RLVR), has become a crucial phase of training large language models (LLMs) and a key focus of current scaling efforts. However, optimization practices in RL largely follow…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Sagnik Mukherjee , Lifan Yuan , Pavan Jayasinha , Dilek Hakkani-Tür , Hao Peng