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We show arithmetic triplets of Gaussian squares are in 3-to-1 correspondence with Pythagorean triples thereof. This correspondence would transform a solution to the Magic Square of Squares puzzle into a larger structure of perfect Gaussian…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2023-10-20 Christian Wolird

We find the numbers of $3 \times 3$ magic, semimagic, and magilatin squares, as functions either of the magic sum or of an upper bound on the entries in the square. Our results on magic and semimagic squares differ from previous ones in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-10-18 Matthias Beck , Thomas Zaslavsky

It is unknown at present whether a magic square of squared integers exists. Such an object is defined to be a 3 by 3 grid of 9 distinct integer squares, such that the entries of each row, column, and two main diagonals sum to the same…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2018-11-13 Christian Woll

We develop an algebraic method of studying of Diophantine quadratic equations in three variables over the ring of Gaussian integers.

Number Theory · Mathematics 2016-07-26 Felix Sidokhine

We define a magic square to be a square matrix whose entries are nonnegative integers and whose rows, columns, and main diagonals sum up to the same number. We prove structural results for the number of such squares as a function of the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Matthias Beck , Moshe Cohen , Jessica Cuomo , Paul Gribelyuk

Magic squares are well-known arrangements of integers with common row, column, and diagonal sums. Various other magic shapes have been proposed, but triangles have been somewhat overlooked. We introduce certain triangular arrangements of…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2022-08-29 Gabriel Hale , Bjorn Vogen , Matthew Wright

An additive-multiplicative magic square is a square grid of numbers whose rows, columns, and long diagonals all have the same sum (called the magic sum) and the same product (called the magic product). There are numerous open problems about…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2023-11-14 Desmond Weisenberg

We study diophantine equations of the form ${a_1 + \ldots + a_n = 0}$ where the $a_i$'s are assumed to be coprime and to satisfy certain subsum conditions. We are interested in the limit superior of the qualities of the admissible solutions…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-07-17 Rupert Hölzl , Sören Kleine , Frank Stephan

In this paper, we define an $n$-magic square in a group to be an $(n\times n)$ array of group elements whose rows, columns, and diagonals have the same product. This definition is akin to the idea of magic squares in the integers. Groups…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2026-01-30 Danielle Bowerman , Nicholas Fleece , Matt Insall

Using an extension of the abundancy index to imaginary quadratic rings with unique factorization, we define what we call $n$-powerfully perfect numbers in these rings. This definition serves to extend the concept of perfect numbers that…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2014-12-12 Colin Defant

Magic squares are a fascinating mathematical challenge that has intrigued mathematicians for centuries. Given a positive (and possibly large) integer \( n \), one of the main challenges that still remains is to find, within a computational…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-06 João Vitor Pamplona , Maria Eduarda Pinheiro , Luiz-Rafael Santos

In this paper, we present the problem of counting magic squares and we focus on the case of multiplicative magic squares of order 4. We give the exact number of normal multiplicative magic squares of order 4 with an original and complete…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2013-02-06 Stefano Barbero , Umberto Cerruti , Nadir Murru

Magic-square constraints define Diophantine systems whose solutions, in several natural families, exhibit rigid periodic structure. We study this structure in an oracle setting, where a marked set of integers is given by black-box access…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-07 Dimitrios Thanos , Marcello Bonsangue , Alfons Laarman

Magic squares are arrangements of natural numbers into square arrays, where the sum of each row, each column, and both diagonals is the same. In this paper, the concept of a magic square with 3 rows and 3 columns is generalized to define…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-01-09 Victoria Jakicic , Rachelle Bouchat

In this paper we initiate a study on Gauss factorials of polynomials over finite fields, which are the analogues of Gauss factorials of positive integers.

Number Theory · Mathematics 2017-04-19 Xiumei Li , Min Sha

We explore some of the properties of consecutive, equally-summed arithmetic progressions of odd numbers, particularly their offsets and sums, before using them to prove that no $3\times3$ magic squares of distinct square integers exist.

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2026-04-08 Oscar Hill

In this paper we give a novel solution to a classical completion problem for square matrices. This problem was studied by many authors through time, and it is completely solved in [2, 3]. In this paper we relate this classical problem to a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-02-26 Marija Dodig , Marko Stosic

The problem of writing a totally positive element as a sum of squares has a long history in mathematics, going back to Bachet and Lagrange. While for some specific rings (like integers or polynomials over the rationals), there are known…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-11-17 Przemysław Koprowski

The paper studies some properties of the ring of integer-valued quasi-polynomials. On this ring, theory of generalized Euclidean division and generalized GCD are presented. Applications to finite simple continued fraction expansion and…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2007-09-20 Nan Li , Sheng Chen

Ordinary binary multiplication of natural numbers can be generalized in a non-trivial way to a ternary operation by considering discrete volumes of lattice hexagons. With this operation, a natural notion of `3-primality' -- primality with…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2020-12-29 Aram Bingham
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