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Quantum mechanics rests on the assumption that time is a classical variable. As such, classical time is assumed to be measurable with infinite accuracy. However, all real clocks are subject to quantum fluctuations, which leads to the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 J. M. Isidro , J. L. Gonzalez-Santander , P. Fernandez de Cordoba

We consider a global quantum system (the "Universe") satisfying a double constraint, both on total energy and total momentum. Generalizing the Page and Wootters quantum clock formalism, we provide a model of 3+1 dimensional,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-10 Tommaso Favalli , Augusto Smerzi

The time evolution of the universe is usually mathematically described under a continuous time and thus time reversible. Here, the consequences of studying the evolution of a homogenous isotropic universe by time continuous reversible…

General Physics · Physics 2019-10-23 Roland Riek

The Liouville theorem states that classical time evolution is an incompressible flow in phase space. We investigate two formulations of classical mechanics in which this property is manifested. First, the traditional Hamilton-Jacobi theory…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-11-19 Joon-Hwi Kim

The long-standing problem of time in canonical quantum gravity is the source of several conceptual and technical issues. Here, recent mathematical results are used to provide a consistent algebraic formulation of dynamical symplectic…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-01-04 Martin Bojowald , Artur Tsobanjan

Classical and quantum mechanical descriptions of physical world are seamlessly abridged within the framework of Lagrangian formalism which, besides revealing the essence of nonlocally correlated dynamic evolution, helps understanding abrupt…

Classical Physics · Physics 2024-10-04 D Das

Since its discovery in the last century, quantum entanglement has challenged some of our most cherished classical views, such as locality and reality. Today, the second quantum revolution is in full swing and promises to revolutionize areas…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-15 Manuel Erhard , Mario Krenn , Anton Zeilinger

We introduce a quantum mechanical model of time travel which includes two figurative beam splitters in order to induce feedback to earlier times. This leads to a unique solution to the paradox where one could kill one's grandfather in that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Daniel M. Greenberger , Karl Svozil

We present a generic way of thinking about time machines from the view of a far away observer. In this model the universe consists of three (or more) regions: One containing the entrance of the time machine, another the exit and the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Frank Antonsen , Karsten Bormann

We study the time evolution of a state of a relativistic quantum field theory restricted to a spatial subregion $\Omega$. More precisely, we use the Feynman-Vernon influence functional formalism to describe the dynamics of the field theory…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-01-03 Markus Schröfl , Stefan Floerchinger

Time is one of the undisputed foundations of our life in the real world. Here it is argued that inside small isolated quantum systems, time does not pass as we are used to, and it is primarily in this sense that quantum objects enjoy only…

General Physics · Physics 2021-07-07 Knud Thomsen

It is commonly accepted that the combination of quantum mechanics and general relativity gives rise to the emergence of a minimum uncertainty both in space and time. The arguments that support this conclusion are mainly based on…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-11 Pablo Galan , Guillermo A. Mena Marugan

We address the relation between two apparently distinct problems: The quest for a deeper understanding of the nature of consciousness and the search for time and space as emergent structures in the quantum mechanical world. We also advance…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2017-09-29 Augusto Cesar Lobo

Physicists are increasingly beginning to take seriously the possibility of laws outside the traditional time-evolution paradigm; yet our understanding of determinism is still predicated on a forwards time-evolution picture, making it…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2022-01-25 Emily Adlam

We provide a relation which describes how the entanglement of two d-level systems evolves as either system undergoes an arbitrary physical process. The dynamics of the entanglement turns out to be of a simple form, and is fully captured by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-10-26 Markus Tiersch , Fernando de Melo , Andreas Buchleitner

A commonly adopted relational account of time evolution in generally-covariant systems, and more specifically in quantum cosmology, is argued to be unsatisfactory, insofar as it describes evolution relative to observed readings of a clock…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-03-10 Ian D. Lawrie

The model of the Universe in this paper uses equations of the unperturbed Keplerian motion. They have been updated, complementied and generalized when the solution of these equations is the characteristic function of a random value from the…

General Physics · Physics 2007-11-09 Felix Hovsepian

Given the lack of an absolute time parameter in general relativistic systems, quantum cosmology often describes the expansion of the universe in terms of relational changes between two degrees of freedom, such as matter and geometry.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-10-16 Luis Martinez , Martin Bojowald , Garrett Wendel

Using relative entropy, we derive bounds on the time rate of change of geometric entanglement entropy for any relativistic quantum field theory in any dimension. The bounds apply to both mixed and pure states, and may be extended to curved…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2014-12-10 Steven G. Avery , Miguel F. Paulos

In previous works, we showed that both time and space can emerge from entanglement within a globally constrained quantum Universe, with no background coordinates. By extending the Page and Wootters quantum time formalism to include both…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-09-30 Tommaso Favalli