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Understanding relations between objects is crucial for understanding the semantics of a visual scene. It is also an essential step in order to bridge visual and language models. However, current state-of-the-art computer vision models still…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Palaash Agrawal , Haidi Azaman , Cheston Tan

Remote sensing scene classification aims to assign a specific semantic label to a remote sensing image. Recently, convolutional neural networks have greatly improved the performance of remote sensing scene classification. However, some…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Zhang Yue , Zheng Xiangtao , Lu Xiaoqiang

Over the last decade, the term spatial computing has grown to have two different, though not entirely unrelated, definitions. The first definition of spatial computing stems from industry, where it refers primarily to new kinds of…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2019-10-16 Benjamin Adams

Visual localization is the problem of estimating the position and orientation from which a given image (or a sequence of images) is taken in a known scene. It is an important part of a wide range of computer vision and robotics…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Ara Jafarzadeh , Manuel Lopez Antequera , Pau Gargallo , Yubin Kuang , Carl Toft , Fredrik Kahl , Torsten Sattler

Visual commonsense reasoning (VCR) is a challenging multi-modal task, which requires high-level cognition and commonsense reasoning ability about the real world. In recent years, large-scale pre-training approaches have been developed and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Cheng Yang , Rui Xu , Ye Guo , Peixiang Huang , Yiru Chen , Wenkui Ding , Zhongyuan Wang , Hong Zhou

Spatial understanding is a fundamental problem with wide-reaching real-world applications. The representation of spatial knowledge is often modeled with spatial templates, i.e., regions of acceptability of two objects under an explicit…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-09 Guillem Collell , Luc Van Gool , Marie-Francine Moens

We propose RocketScience, an open-source contrastive VLM benchmark that tests for spatial relation understanding. It is comprised of entirely new real-world image-text pairs covering mostly relative spatial understanding and the order of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Nils Hoehing , Mayug Maniparambil , Ellen Rushe , Noel E. O'Connor , Anthony Ventresque

Genuine spatial reasoning relies on the capacity to construct and manipulate coherent internal spatial representations, often conceptualized as mental models, rather than merely processing surface linguistic associations. While large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Peiyao Jiang , Zequn Qin , Xi Li

Spatial reasoning, the ability to understand spatial relations, causality, and dynamic evolution, is central to human intelligence and essential for real-world applications such as autonomous driving and robotics. Existing studies, however,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Yanguang Zhao , Jie Yang , Shengqiong Wu , Shutong Hu , Hongbo Qiu , Yu Wang , Guijia Zhang , Tan Kai Ze , Hao Fei , Chia-Wen Lin , Mong-Li Lee , Wynne Hsu

Spatial understanding is a crucial capability that enables robots to perceive their surroundings, reason about their environment, and interact with it meaningfully. In modern robotics, these capabilities are increasingly provided by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Chan Hee Song , Valts Blukis , Jonathan Tremblay , Stephen Tyree , Yu Su , Stan Birchfield

Spatial reasoning is an important component of human intelligence. We can imagine the shapes of 3D objects and reason about their spatial relations by merely looking at their three-view line drawings in 2D, with different levels of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-03 Wenyu Han , Siyuan Xiang , Chenhui Liu , Ruoyu Wang , Chen Feng

Visual-spatial understanding, the ability to infer object relationships and layouts from visual input, is fundamental to downstream tasks such as robotic navigation and embodied interaction. However, existing methods face spatial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Haoyu Zhang , Meng Liu , Zaijing Li , Haokun Wen , Weili Guan , Yaowei Wang , Liqiang Nie

Over the last two decades we have witnessed strong progress on modeling visual object classes, scenes and attributes that have significantly contributed to automated image understanding. On the other hand, surprisingly little progress has…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-05-06 Mateusz Malinowski , Mario Fritz

Humans can imagine and manipulate visual images mentally, a capability known as spatial visualization. While many multi-modal benchmarks assess reasoning on visible visual information, the ability to infer unseen relationships through…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Siting Wang , Minnan Pei , Luoyang Sun , Cheng Deng , Yuchen Li , Kun Shao , Zheng Tian , Haifeng Zhang , Jun Wang

Spatial reasoning, which requires ability to perceive and manipulate spatial relationships in the 3D world, is a fundamental aspect of human intelligence, yet remains a persistent challenge for Multimodal large language models (MLLMs).…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Weichen Liu , Qiyao Xue , Haoming Wang , Xiangyu Yin , Boyuan Yang , Wei Gao

Traditional approaches to building a large scale knowledge graph have usually relied on extracting information (entities, their properties, and relations between them) from unstructured text (e.g. Dbpedia). Recent advances in Convolutional…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-06-15 Mandar Haldekar , Ashwinkumar Ganesan , Tim Oates

This paper studies the problem of 3D volumetric reconstruction from two views of a scene with an unknown camera. While seemingly easy for humans, this problem poses many challenges for computers since it requires simultaneously…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Shengyi Qian , Linyi Jin , David F. Fouhey

Similarity scores in face recognition represent the proximity between pairs of images as computed by a matching algorithm. Given a large set of images and the proximities between all pairs, a similarity score space is defined. Cluster…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-05-20 Jason Grant , Patrick Flynn

Spatiotemporal intelligence in autonomous driving (AD) requires an agent to integrate multi-view observations into a coherent scene representation, maintain object continuity across viewpoints and time, and reason about spatial relations,…

Recent advancements in geographic information systems and mixed reality technologies have positioned spatial computing as a transformative paradigm in computational science. However, the field remains conceptually fragmented, with diverse…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Yibo Wang , Yuhan Luo , Janghee Cho , Junnan Yu