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Gradual typing combines static and dynamic typing in the same program. One would hope that the performance in a gradually typed language would range between that of a dynamically typed language and a statically typed language. Existing…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2018-02-20 Andre Kuhlenschmidt , Deyaaeldeen Almahallawi , Jeremy G. Siek

Gradual typing enables programmers to combine static and dynamic typing in the same language. However, ensuring a sound interaction between the static and dynamic parts can incur significant runtime cost. In this paper, we perform a…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-02-22 Michael M. Vitousek , Jeremy G. Siek , Avik Chaudhuri

Gradually-typed programming languages permit the incremental addition of static types to untyped programs. To remain sound, languages insert run-time checks at the boundaries between typed and untyped code. Unfortunately, performance…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Cameron Moy , Phúc C. Nguyen , Sam Tobin-Hochstadt , David Van Horn

Abstracting Gradual Typing (AGT) is a systematic approach to designing gradually-typed languages. Languages developed using AGT automatically satisfy the formal semantic criteria for gradual languages identified by Siek et al. [2015].…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-11-13 Felipe Bañados Schwerter , Alison M. Clark , Khurram A. Jafery , Ronald Garcia

A coercion semantics of a programming language with subtyping is typically defined on typing derivations rather than on typing judgments. To avoid semantic ambiguity, such a semantics is expected to be coherent, i.e., independent of the…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Dariusz Biernacki , Piotr Polesiuk

Transient gradual typing imposes run-time type tests that typically cause a linear slowdown in programs' performance. This performance impact discourages the use of type annotations because adding types to a program makes the program…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-02-19 Richard Roberts , Stefan Marr , Michael Homer , James Noble

The standard algorithm for higher-order contract checking can lead to unbounded space consumption and can destroy tail recursion, altering a program's asymptotic space complexity. While space efficiency for gradual types---contracts…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2017-04-05 Michael Greenberg

Expressive static typing disciplines are a powerful way to achieve high-quality software. However, the adoption cost of such techniques should not be under-estimated. Just like gradual typing allows for a smooth transition from…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2015-08-25 Éric Tanter , Nicolas Tabareau

Harnessing the power of dependently typed languages can be difficult. Programmers must manually construct proofs to produce well-typed programs, which is not an easy task. In particular, migrating code to these languages is challenging.…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-07-13 Joseph Eremondi , Ronald Garcia , Éric Tanter

Gradual typing has gained popularity as a design choice for integrating static and dynamic typing within a single language. Several practical languages have adopted gradual typing to offer programmers the flexibility to annotate their…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Senxi Li , Feng Dai , Tetsuro Yamazaki , Shigeru Chiba

Gradual typing is an approach to integrating static and dynamic typing within the same language, and puts the programmer in control of which regions of code are type checked at compile-time and which are type checked at run-time. In this…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-09-16 Matteo Cimini

One of the most attractive features of untyped languages is the flexibility in term creation and manipulation. However, with such power comes the responsibility of ensuring the correctness of these operations. A solution is adding run-time…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2017-10-17 Nataliia Stulova , José F. Morales , Manuel V. Hermenegildo

We present a gradually typed language, GrEff, with effects and handlers that supports migration from unchecked to checked effect typing. This serves as a simple model of the integration of an effect typing discipline with an existing…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-04-06 Max S. New , Eric Giovannini , Daniel R. Licata

State-space reduction techniques, used primarily in model-checkers, all rely on the idea that some actions are independent, hence could be taken in any (respective) order while put in parallel, without changing the semantics. It is thus not…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2012-04-03 Lisbeth Fajstrup , Eric Goubault , Emmanuel Haucourt , Samuel Mimram , Martin Raussen

Computational efficiency has remained a critical consideration in scaling high-capacity language models, with inference latency and resource consumption presenting significant constraints on real-time applications. The study has introduced…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Michael Mangrum , Jonathan Pemberton , Benedict Wetherby , Philip Montague

Efficiently supporting sound gradual typing in a language with structural types is challenging. To date, the Grift compiler is the only close-to-the-metal implementation of gradual typing in this setting, exploiting coercions for runtime…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-12-30 José Luis Romero , Cristóbal Isla , Matías Toro , Éric Tanter

Pass@k is a widely used performance metric for verifiable large language model tasks, including mathematical reasoning, code generation, and short-answer reasoning. It defines success if any of $k$ independently sampled solutions passes a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Anas Barakat , Souradip Chakraborty , Khushbu Pahwa , Amrit Singh Bedi

Gradual typing combines static and dynamic typing in the same language, offering the benefits of both to programmers. Static typing provides error detection and strong guarantees while dynamic typing enables rapid prototyping and flexible…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2016-10-27 Michael M. Vitousek , Jeremy G. Siek

Scaling up quantum computers to attain substantial speedups over classical computing requires fault tolerance. Conventionally, protocols for fault-tolerant quantum computation demand excessive space overheads by using many physical qubits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-29 Hayata Yamasaki , Masato Koashi

Reasoning about the sensitivity of functions with respect to their inputs has interesting applications in various areas, such as differential privacy. In order to check and enforce sensitivity, several approaches have been developed,…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Damian Arquez , Matías Toro , Éric Tanter
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