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The evaporation of black holes into apparently thermal radiation poses a serious conundrum for theoretical physics: at face value, it appears that in the presence of a black hole quantum evolution is non-unitary and destroys information.…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2011-07-11 Vijay Balasubramanian , Bartlomiej Czech

The aim of this chapter is twofold. First, we introduce the information loss problem; second, we provide a critical assessment by thoroughly inspecting the assumptions underlying its formulations. In particular, we argue that if we work in…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-04-02 Luca Buoninfante , Francesco Di Filippo

The complete evaporation of black holes, as a natural endpoint of Hawking radiation, gives rise to the black hole information paradox, which fundamentally challenges the principles of unitarity and information conservation in quantum…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-02-10 Zhilong Liu , Wentao Liu , Zehua Tian , Jieci Wang

The aim of this work is to present the black hole information problem and discuss the assumptions and hypotheses necessary for its formulation. As the problem arises in the framework of semiclassical gravity, we first review the necessary…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-05-26 Thiago T. Bergamaschi

The formation and evaporation of a black hole can be viewed as a scattering process in Quantum Gravity. Semiclassical arguments indicate that the process should be non-unitary, and that all the information of the original quantum state…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2016-09-06 Jorge G. Russo

Black hole evaporation is one of the most striking phenomena at the interface between gravity and quantum physics. In Hawking's semi-classical treatment, where matter is quantum mechanical and the spacetime is definite and classical,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-07-24 Ali Akil , Lorenzo Giannelli , Leonardo Modesto , Oscar Dahlsten , Giulio Chiribella , Caslav Brukner

Quantum gravity is often expected to solve both the singularity problem and the information-loss problem of black holes. This article presents an example from loop quantum gravity in which the singularity problem is solved in such a way…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-05-19 Martin Bojowald

Motivated by the parallelism existing between the puzzles of classical physics at the beginning of the XXth century and the current paradoxes in the search of a quantum theory of gravity, we give, in analogy with Planck's black body…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-25 A. Fabbri , D. J. Navarro , J. Navarro-Salas

The complete gravitational collapse of a body in general relativity will result in the formation of a black hole. Although the black hole is classically stable, quantum particle creation processes will result in the emission of Hawking…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2017-08-02 William G. Unruh , Robert M. Wald

Many discussion about the black hole conundrums, such as singularity and information loss, suggested that there must be some essential irreconcilable conflict between quantum theory and classical gravity theory, which cannot be solved with…

General Physics · Physics 2015-03-18 Sun Yi

We investigate the black hole information paradox in the setting of pseudo-complex gravity, a covariant geometric extension of general relativity that introduces a minimal length scale by deforming the spacetime manifold. In this framework,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-06-30 Fridolin Weberand Peter O. Hess , Cesar A. Zen Vasconcellos

Black hole information problem is the question about unitarity of the evolution operator during the collapse and evaporation of the black hole. One can ask the same question about unitarity of quantum and inflationary cosmology. In this…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-01-23 Igor Volovich

Analogue gravity is based on the simple observation that perturbations propagating in several physical systems can be described by a quantum field theory in a curved spacetime. While phenomena like Hawking radiation are hardly detectable in…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-03-13 Stefano Finazzi

Hawking's black hole information puzzle highlights the incompatibility between our present understanding of gravity and quantum physics. However, Hawking's prediction of black-hole evaporation is at a semiclassical level. One therefore…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-25 Shahar Hod

When it comes to performing thought experiments with black holes, Einstein-Bohr like discussions have to be re-opened. For instance one can ask what happens to the quantum state of a black hole when the wave function of a single ingoing…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 G. 't Hooft

The information loss occurs in an evaporating black hole only if the time evolution ends at the singularity. But as we shall see, the black hole solutions admit analytical extensions beyond the singularities, to globally hyperbolic…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-07-14 Ovidiu Cristinel Stoica

We resolve black hole information paradox within semiclassical gravity, in a manner that does not depend on details of unknown quantum gravity. Our crucial insight is that outgoing Hawking particles are physical only far from the black hole…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-09-27 Hrvoje Nikolic

In this paper we argue for a close connection between the non-existence of global symmetries in quantum gravity and a unitary resolution of the black hole information problem. In particular we show how the essential ingredients of recent…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-05-05 Daniel Harlow , Edgar Shaghoulian

The puzzles of black hole evaporation can be studied in the simplified context of 1+1 dimensional gravity. The semi-classical equations of Callan, Giddings, Harvey and Strominger provide a consistent description of the evaporation process…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 L. Susskind , L. Thorlacius

We study information retrieval from evaporating black holes, assuming that the internal dynamics of a black hole is unitary and rapidly mixing, and assuming that the retriever has unlimited control over the emitted Hawking radiation. If the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-04-03 Patrick Hayden , John Preskill
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