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The composition of gas and solids in protoplanetary discs sets the composition of planets that form out of them. Recent chemical models have shown that the composition of gas and dust in discs evolves on Myr time-scales, with volatile…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-05-31 Richard A. Booth , John D. Ilee

We calculate the chemical evolution of protoplanetary disks considering radial viscous accretion, vertical turbulent mixing and vertical disk winds. We study the effects on the disk chemical structure when different models for the formation…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-27 Dominikus Heinzeller , Hideko Nomura , Catherine Walsh , Tom J. Millar

The {\it best} chemical evolution models for the galactic disk computed by different groups with different assumptions are compared with each other and with the observational constraints. Differences and similarities between the models are…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 Monica Tosi

[Abridged] This review paper discussed which chemical effects may be at play in a planet-forming disk midplane, which effects are relevant under different conditions, and which tools are available for modelling chemical kinetics in a disk…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-11-01 Christian Eistrup

The isotopic ratio of nitrogen measured in primitive Solar System bodies shows a broad range of values, the origin of which remains unknown. One key question is whether these isotopic reservoirs of nitrogen predate the comet formation stage…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2019-11-18 Pierre Hily-Blant , Victor Magalhaes de Souza , Joel Kastner , Thierry Forveille

Recent high-sensitivity observations carried out with ALMA have revealed the presence of complex organic molecules (COMs) such as methyl cyanide (CH$_{\rm 3}$CN) and methanol (CH$_{\rm 3}$OH) in relatively evolved protoplanetary discs. The…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2018-11-28 David Quénard , John D. Ilee , Izaskun Jiménez-Serra , Duncan H. Forgan , Cassandra Hall , Ken Rice

In this paper, we model the chemical evolution of a 0.25 M$_{\odot}$ protoplanetary disc surrounding a 1 M$_{\odot}$ star that undergoes fragmentation due to self-gravity. We use Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics including a radiative…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2017-09-13 J. D. Ilee , D. H. Forgan , M. G. Evans , C. Hall , R. Booth , C. J. Clarke , W. K. M. Rice , A. C. Boley , P. Caselli , T. W. Hartquist , J. M. C. Rawlings

Molecular oxygen has been detected in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov--Gerasimenko with a mean abundance of 3.80 $\pm$ 0.85\% by the ROSINA mass spectrometer on board the Rosetta spacecraft. To account for the presence of this species in…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-06-06 O. Mousis , T. Ronnet , J. I. Lunine , R. Maggiolo , P. Wurz , G. Danger , A. Bouquet

Observations of protoplanetary disks have revealed them to be complex and dynamic, with vertical and radial transport of gas and dust occurring simultaneously with chemistry and planet formation. Previous models of protoplanetary disks…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-03-18 Eric Van Clepper , Jennifer B. Bergner , Arthur D. Bosman , Edwin Bergin , Fred J. Ciesla

The Rosetta mission and its exquisite measurements have revived the debate on whether comets are pristine planetesimals or collisionally evolved objects. We investigate the collisional evolution experienced by the precursors of current…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-11-04 Alessandro Morbidelli , Hans Rickman

We investigate the evolution of molecular abundance in quiescent protoplanetary disks which are presumed to be around weak-line T Tauri stars. In the region of surface density less than $10^2$ g cm$^{-2}$ (distance from the star $\gtrsim…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-30 Y. Aikawa , T. Umebayashi , T. Nakano , S. M. Miyama

In this review we re-evaluate our observational and theoretical understanding of the chemical evolution of protoplanetary disks. We discuss how improved observational capabilities have enabled the detection of numerous molecules exposing an…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 E. A. Bergin , Y. Aikawa , G. A. Blake , E. F. van Dishoeck

As stellar compositions evolve over time in the Milky Way, so will the resulting planet populations. In order to place planet formation in the context of Galactic chemical evolution, we make use of a large ($N = 5\,325$) stellar sample…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-10-11 Jesper Nielsen , Matthew Raymond Gent , Maria Bergemann , Philipp Eitner , Anders Johansen

The chemistry of H2O, CO and other small molecular species in an isolated pre-stellar core, L1544, has been assessed in the context of a comprehensive gas-grain chemical model, coupled to an empirically constrained physical/dynamical model.…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2024-04-25 Jonathan Rawlings , Eric Keto , Paola Caselli

Recent surveys of protoplanetary disks show that substructure in dust thermal continuum emission maps is common in protoplanetary disks. These substructures, most prominently rings and gaps, shape and change the chemical and physical…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-12-17 Felipe Alarcon , Richard Teague , Ke Zhang , Edwin Bergin , Marcelo Barraza-Alfaro

In our grid of multiphase chemical evolution models (Moll\'a & D\'iaz, 2005), star formation in the disk occurs in two steps: first, molecular gas forms, and then stars are created by cloud-cloud collisions or interactions of massive stars…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2017-04-12 Mercedes Mollá , Ángeles I. Díaz , Yago Ascasibar , Brad K. Gibson

We present a model of the early chemical composition and elemental abundances of planetary atmospheres based on the cumulative gaseous chemical species that are accreted onto planets forming by core accretion from evolving protoplanetary…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-02-22 Alex J. Cridland , Ralph E. Pudritz , Matthew Alessi

The complex organic molecules (COMs) detected in star-forming regions are the precursors of the prebiotic molecules that can lead to the emergence of life. By studying COMs in more evolved protoplanetary disks we can gain a better…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-03-08 Nashanty G. C. Brunken , Alice S. Booth , Margot Leemker , Pooneh Nazari , Nienke van der Marel , Ewine F. van Dishoeck

Planets are formed inside disks around young stars. The gas, dust, and ice in these natal disks are the building materials of planets, and therefore their compositions fundamentally shape the final chemical compositions of planets. In this…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-04-25 Ke Zhang

The composition of planets is largely determined by the chemical and dynamical evolution of the disk during planetesimal formation and growth. To predict the diversity of exoplanet compositions, previous works modeled planetesimal…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2014-05-14 John Moriarty , Nikku Madhusudhan , Debra Fischer