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Embedding-based neural retrieval (EBR) is an effective search retrieval method in product search for tackling the vocabulary gap between customer search queries and products. The initial launch of our EBR system at Walmart yielded…

The quality of non-default ranking on e-commerce platforms, such as based on ascending item price or descending historical sales volume, often suffers from acute relevance problems, since the irrelevant items are much easier to be exposed…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-08-25 Yunjiang Jiang , Yue Shang , Hongwei Shen , Wen-Yun Yang , Yun Xiao

Traditional ranking systems optimize offline proxy objectives that rely on oversimplified assumptions about user behavior, often neglecting factors such as position bias and item diversity. Consequently, these models fail to improve true…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Gaurav Bhatt , Kiran Koshy Thekumparampil , Tanmay Gangwani , Tesi Xiao , Leonid Sigal

In web search and recommendation systems, user clicks are widely used to train ranking models. However, click data is heavily biased, i.e., users tend to click higher-ranked items (position bias), choose only what was shown to them…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Haoming Gong , Qingyao Ai , Zhihao Tao , Yongfeng Zhang

Relevance judgments are crucial for evaluating information retrieval systems, but traditional human-annotated labels are time-consuming and expensive. As a result, many researchers turn to automatic alternatives to accelerate method…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Naghmeh Farzi , Laura Dietz

Learning to Rank (LTR) from user interactions is challenging as user feedback often contains high levels of bias and noise. At the moment, two methodologies for dealing with bias prevail in the field of LTR: counterfactual methods that…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-07-16 Rolf Jagerman , Harrie Oosterhuis , Maarten de Rijke

In a number of information retrieval applications (e.g., patent search, literature review, due diligence, etc.), preventing false negatives is more important than preventing false positives. However, approaches designed to reduce review…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Timo Kats , Peter van der Putten , Jan Scholtes

Large-scale supervised data is essential for training modern ranking models, but obtaining high-quality human annotations is costly. Click data has been widely used as a low-cost alternative, and with recent advances in large language…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Lulu Yu , Keping Bi , Jiafeng Guo , Shihao Liu , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Xueqi Cheng

Learning to Rank (LTR) technique is ubiquitous in the Information Retrieval system nowadays, especially in the Search Ranking application. The query-item relevance labels typically used to train the ranking model are often noisy…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-07-11 Debabrata Mahapatra , Chaosheng Dong , Yetian Chen , Deqiang Meng , Michinari Momma

As Learning-to-Rank (LTR) approaches primarily seek to improve ranking quality, their output scores are not scale-calibrated by design. This fundamentally limits LTR usage in score-sensitive applications. Though a simple multi-objective…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-23 Aijun Bai , Rolf Jagerman , Zhen Qin , Le Yan , Pratyush Kar , Bing-Rong Lin , Xuanhui Wang , Michael Bendersky , Marc Najork

Conventional methods for query autocompletion aim to predict which completed query a user will select from a list. A shortcoming of this approach is that users often do not know which query will provide the best retrieval performance on the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Adam Block , Rahul Kidambi , Daniel N. Hill , Thorsten Joachims , Inderjit S. Dhillon

In product search, users tend to browse results on multiple search result pages (SERPs) (e.g., for queries on clothing and shoes) before deciding which item to purchase. Users' clicks can be considered as implicit feedback which indicates…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-01-10 Keping Bi , Choon Hui Teo , Yesh Dattatreya , Vijai Mohan , W. Bruce Croft

In e-commerce platforms such as Amazon and TaoBao, ranking items in a search session is a typical multi-step decision-making problem. Learning to rank (LTR) methods have been widely applied to ranking problems. However, such methods often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-24 Yujing Hu , Qing Da , Anxiang Zeng , Yang Yu , Yinghui Xu

Implicit feedback data, such as user clicks, is commonly used in learning-to-rank (LTR) systems because it is easy to collect and it often reflects user preferences. However, this data is prone to various biases, and training an LTR…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Md Aminul Islam , Kathryn Vasilaky , Elena Zheleva

Click-based learning to rank (LTR) tackles the mismatch between click frequencies on items and their actual relevance. The approach of previous work has been to assume a model of click behavior and to subsequently introduce a method for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-06-27 Harrie Oosterhuis

Ranking models are extensively used in e-commerce for relevance estimation. These models often suffer from poor interpretability and no scale calibration, particularly when trained with typical ranking loss functions. This paper addresses…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Piotr Bajger , Roman Dusek , Krzysztof Galias , Paweł Młyniec , Aleksander Wawer , Paweł Zawistowski

Probabilistic learning to rank (LTR) has been the dominating approach for optimizing the ranking metric, but cannot maximize long-term rewards. Reinforcement learning models have been proposed to maximize user long-term rewards by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Teng Xiao , Suhang Wang

While China has become the biggest online market in the world with around 1 billion internet users, Baidu runs the world largest Chinese search engine serving more than hundreds of millions of daily active users and responding billions…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Qingzhong Wang , Haifang Li , Haoyi Xiong , Wen Wang , Jiang Bian , Yu Lu , Shuaiqiang Wang , Zhicong Cheng , Dejing Dou , Dawei Yin

This study deeply explores the application of large language model (LLM) in personalized recommendation system of e-commerce. Aiming at the limitations of traditional recommendation algorithms in processing large-scale and multi-dimensional…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Wei Xu , Jue Xiao , Jianlong Chen

It is a well-known challenge to learn an unbiased ranker with biased feedback. Unbiased learning-to-rank(LTR) algorithms, which are verified to model the relative relevance accurately based on noisy feedback, are appealing candidates and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Yi Ren , Hongyan Tang , Siwen Zhu