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Blockchain technology relies on decentralization to resist faults and attacks while operating without trusted intermediaries. Although industry experts have touted decentralization as central to their promise and disruptive potential, it is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Harang Ju , Ehsan Valavi , Madhav Kumar , Sinan Aral

Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that has applications in many domains such as cryptocurrency, smart contracts, supply chain management, and many others. Distributed consensus is a fundamental component of blockchain systems…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Siamak Abdi , Giuseppe Di Fatta , Atta Badii , Giancarlo Fortino

The success of blockchain as the underlying technology for cryptocurrencies has opened up possibilities for its use in other application domains as well. The main advantages of blockchain for its potential use in other domains are its…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-06-21 Mehrdad Salimitari , Mainak Chatterjee

The use of the term blockchain is documented for disparate projects, from cryptocurrencies to applications for the Internet of Things (IoT), and many more. The concept of blockchain appears therefore blurred, as it is hard to believe that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Lorenzo Ghiro , Francesco Restuccia , Salvatore D'Oro , Stefano Basagni , Tommaso Melodia , Leonardo Maccari , Renato Lo Cigno

Blockchain technology is referred to as a very secure decentralized, distributed ledger that records the history of any digital asset. It is being used in numerous governmental and private sector organizations across numerous nations.…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Manal Mansour , May Salama , Hala Helmi , Mona Mursi

Blockchain was mainly introduced for secure transactions in connection with the mining of cryptocurrency Bitcoin. This article discusses the fundamental concepts of blockchain technology and its components, such as block header,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-27 Sunil Kumar Singh , Sumit Kumar

Public blockchains should be able to scale with respect to the number of nodes and to the transactions workload. The blockchain scalability trilemma has been informally conjectured. This is related to scalability, security and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-08 Gianmaria Del Monte , Diego Pennino , Maurizio Pizzonia

Blockchain technology enables stakeholders to conduct trusted data sharing and exchange without a trusted centralized institution. These features make blockchain applications attractive to enhance trustworthiness in very different contexts.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Xiaohui Zhang , Mingying Xue , Xianghua Miao

Blockchain also known as a distributed ledger technology stores different transactions/operations in a chain of blocks in a distributed manner without needing a trusted third-party. Blockchain is proven to be immutable which helps for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-04-30 Danda B. Rawat , Vijay Chaudhary , Ronald Doku

Collaborative cybersecurity relies on organizations sharing information to boost security, but trust management is a key concern. Decentralized solutions like distributed ledgers, particularly blockchain, are crucial for eliminating single…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Loïc Miller , Marc-Oliver Pahl

Mobile edge computing (MEC) and next-generation mobile networks are set to disrupt the way intelligent and autonomous systems are interconnected. This will have an effect on a wide range of domains, from the Internet of Things to autonomous…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Jorge Peña Queralta , Tomi Westerlund

Blockchain introduces decentralized trust in peer-to-peer networks, advancing security and democratizing systems. Yet, a unified definition for decentralization remains elusive. Our Systematization of Knowledge (SoK) seeks to bridge this…

General Economics · Economics 2023-08-21 Luyao Zhang , Xinshi Ma , Yulin Liu

A blockchain is a distributed ledger forming a distributed consensus on a history of transactions. It is the underlying technology for the Bitcoin cryptocurrency, but there are many applications beyond the financial sector. With built-in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-12-23 Nathaniel Aldred , Luke Baal , Graeham Broda , Steven Trumble , Qusay H. Mahmoud

The vast majority of applications at this moment rely on centralized servers to relay messages between clients, where these servers are considered trusted third-parties. With the rise of blockchain technologies over the last few years,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-08-19 Harry Halpin

Decentralization is understood both by professionals in the blockchain industry and general users as a core design goal of permissionless ledgers. However, its meaning is far from universally agreed, and often it is easier to get opinions…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Alex Lynham , Geoff Goodell

Distributed consensus mechanisms have been widely researched and made popular with a number of blockchain-based token applications, such as Bitcoin, and Ethereum. Although these general-purpose platforms have matured for scale and security,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-28 Steven Platt , Miquel Oliver-Riera

A lot of business and research effort currently deals with the so called decentralised ledger technology blockchain. Putting it to use carries the tempting promise to make the intermediaries of social interactions superfluous and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-05-13 Rainer Rehak

Blockchain is an emerging technology that enables new forms of decentralized software architectures, where distributed components can reach agreements on shared system states without trusting a central integration point. Blockchain provides…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Xiwei Xu , Cesare Pautasso , Sin Kuang Lo , Liming Zhu , Qinghua Lu , Ingo Weber

As an innovative technology for enhancing authenticity, security, and risk management, blockchain is being widely adopted in trade and finance systems. The unique capabilities of blockchain, such as immutability and transparency, enable new…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Hanjie Wu , Qian Yao , Zhenguang Liu , Butian Huang , Yuan Zhuang , Huayun Tang , Erwu Liu

In the past decade, blockchain has shown a promising vision greatly to build the trust without any powerful third party in a secure, decentralized and salable manner. However, due to the wide application and future development from…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Bin Cao , Zixin Wang , Long Zhang , Daquan Feng , Mugen Peng , Lei Zhang