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Performance and characterization of the SPT-3G digital frequency-domain multiplexed readout system using an improved noise and crosstalk model

The third generation South Pole Telescope camera (SPT-3G) improves upon its predecessor (SPTpol) by an order of magnitude increase in detectors on the focal plane. The technology used to read out and control these detectors, digital…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2022-02-23 J. Montgomery , P. A. R. Ade , Z. Ahmed , E. Anderes , A. J. Anderson , M. Archipley , J. S. Avva , K. Aylor , L. Balkenhol , P. S. Barry , R. Basu Thakur , K. Benabed , A. N. Bender , B. A. Benson , F. Bianchini , L. E. Bleem , F. R. Bouchet , L. Bryant , K. Byrum , J. E. Carlstrom , F. W. Carter , T. W. Cecil , C. L. Chang , P. Chaubal , G. Chen , H. -M. Cho , T. -L. Chou , J. -F. Cliche , T. M. Crawford , A. Cukierman , C. Daley , T. de Haan , E. V. Denison , K. Dibert , J. Ding , M. A. Dobbs , D. Dutcher , T. Elleflot , W. Everett , C. Feng , K. R. Ferguson , A. Foster , J. Fu , S. Galli , A. E. Gambrel , R. W. Gardner , N. Goeckner-Wald , J. C. Groh , R. Gualtieri , S. Guns , N. Gupta , R. Guyser , N. W. Halverson , A. H. Harke-Hosemann , N. L. Harrington , J. W. Henning , G. C. Hilton , E. Hivon , W. L. Holzapfel , J. C. Hood , D. Howe , N. Huang , K. D. Irwin , O. B. Jeong , M. Jonas , A. Jones , T. S. Khaire , L. Knox , A. M. Kofman , M. Korman , D. L. Kubik , S. Kuhlmann , C. -L. Kuo , A. T. Lee , E. M. Leitch , A. E. Lowitz , C. Lu , S. S. Meyer , D. Michalik , M. Millea , A. Nadolski , T. Natoli , H. Nguyen , G. I. Noble , V. Novosad , Y. Omori , S. Padin , Z. Pan , P. Paschos , J. Pearson , C. M. Posada , K. Prabhu , W. Quan , A. Rahlin , C. L. Reichardt , D. Riebel , B. Riedel , M. Rouble , J. E. Ruhl , J. T. Sayre , E. Schiappucci , E. Shirokoff , G. Smecher , J. A. Sobrin , A. A. Stark , J. Stephen , K. T. Story , A. Suzuki , K. L. Thompson , B. Thorne , C. Tucker , C. Umilta , L. R. Vale , K. Vanderlinde , J. D. Vieira , G. Wang , N. Whitehorn , W. L. K. Wu , V. Yefremenko , K. W. Yoon , M. R. Young

On-sky performance of the SPT-3G frequency-domain multiplexed readout

Frequency-domain multiplexing (fMux) is an established technique for the readout of large arrays of transition edge sensor (TES) bolometers. Each TES in a multiplexing module has a unique AC voltage bias that is selected by a resonant…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2020-01-08 A. N. Bender , A. J. Anderson , J. S. Avva , P. A. R. Ade , Z. Ahmed , P. S. Barry , R. Basu Thakur , B. A. Benson , L. Bryant , K. Byrum , J. E. Carlstrom , F. W. Carter , T. W. Cecil , C. L. Chang , H. -M. Cho , J. F. Cliche , A. Cukierman , T. de Haan , E. V. Denison , J. Ding , M. A. Dobbs , D. Dutcher , W. Everett , K. R. Ferguson , A. Foster , J. Fu , J. Gallicchio , A. E. Gambrel , R. W. Gardner , A. Gilbert , J. C. Groh , S. Guns , R. Guyser , N. W. Halverson , A. H. Harke-Hosemann , N. L. Harrington , J. W. Henning , G. C. Hilton , W. L. Holzapfel , D. Howe , N. Huang , K. D. Irwin , O. B. Jeong , M. Jonas , A. Jones , T. S. Khaire , A. M. Kofman , M. Korman , D. L. Kubik , S. Kuhlmann , C. -L. Kuo , A. T. Lee , E. M. Leitch , A. E. Lowitz , S. S. Meyer , D. Michalik , J. Montgomery , A. Nadolski , T. Natoli , H. Nguyen , G. I. Noble , V. Novosad , S. Padin , Z. Pan , P. Paschos , J. Pearson , C. M. Posada , W. Quan , A. Rahlin , D. Riebel , J. E. Ruhl , J. T. Sayre , E. Shirokoff , G. Smecher , J. A. Sobrin , A. A. Stark , J. Stephen , K. T. Story , A. Suzuki , K. L. Thompson , C. Tucker , L. R. Vale , K. Vanderlinde , J. D. Vieira , G. Wang , N. Whitehorn , V. Yefremenko , K. W. Yoon , M. R. Young

High-bandwidth frequency domain multiplexed readout of transition-edge sensors for neutrinoless double beta decay searches

The next-generation of cryogenic neutrinoless double-beta decay experiments require increasingly fast readout in order to improve background discrimination. These experiments, operated as cryogenic calorimeters at $\sim$10 mK, are usually…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2026-02-02 M. Adamič , M. Beretta , J. Camilleri , C. Capelli , M. A. Dobbs , T. Elleflot , B. K. Fujikawa , Yu. G. Kolomensky , D. Mayer , J. Montgomery , V. Novosad , A. M. Sindhwad , V. Singh , G. Smecher , A. Suzuki , B. Welliver

Demonstration of a 1820 channel multiplexer for transition-edge sensor bolometers

The scalability of most transition-edge sensor arrays is limited by the multiplexing technology which combines their signals over a reduced number of wires and amplifiers. In this Letter, we present and demonstrate a multiplexer design…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-10-21 J. C. Groh , Z. Ahmed , J. Austermann , J. Beall , D. Daniel , S. M. Duff , S. W. Henderson , J. Hubmayr , R. Lew , M. Link , T. J. Lucas , J. A. B. Mates , M. Silva-Feaver , R. Singh , J. Ullom , L. Vale , J. Van Lanen , M. Vissers , C. Yu

RFSoC Gen3-Based Software-Defined Radio Characterization for the Readout System of Low-Temperature Bolometers

This work reports the performance evaluation of an SDR readout system based on the latest generation (Gen3) of the AMD's Radio Frequency System-on-Chip (RFSoC) processing platform, which integrates a full-stack processing system and a…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2024-05-10 M. E. García Redondo , T. Muscheid , R. Gartmann , J. M. Salum , L. P. Ferreyro , N. A. Müller , J. D. Bonilla-Neira , J. M. Geria , J. J. Bonaparte , A. Almela , L. E. Ardila-Perez , M. R. Hampel , A. E. Fuster , M. Platino , O. Sander , M. Weber , A. Etchegoyen

Low Noise Frequency Domain Multiplexing of TES Bolometers using Sub-kelvin SQUIDs

Digital Frequency-Domain Multiplexing (DfMux) is a technique that uses MHz superconducting resonators and Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) arrays to read out sets of Transition Edge Sensors. DfMux has been used by several…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2022-10-26 Tucker Elleflot , Aritoki Suzuki , Kam Arnold , Chris Bebek , Robin H. Cantor , Kevin T. Crowley , John Groh , Tijmen de Haan , Amber Hornsby , John Joseph , Adrian T. Lee , Tiffany Liu , Joshua Montgomery , Megan Russell , Qingyang Yu

Frequency Multiplexed SQUID Readout of Large Bolometer Arrays for Cosmic Microwave Background Measurements

A technological milestone for experiments employing Transition Edge Sensor (TES) bolometers operating at sub-kelvin temperature is the deployment of detector arrays with 100s--1000s of bolometers. One key technology for such arrays is…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-03 M. A. Dobbs , M. Lueker , K. A. Aird , A. N. Bender , B. A. Benson , L. E. Bleem , J. E. Carlstrom , C. L. Chang , H. -M. Cho , J. Clarke , T. M. Crawford , A. T. Crites , D. I. Flanigan , T. de Haan , E. M. George , N. W. Halverson , W. L. Holzapfel , J. D. Hrubes , B. R. Johnson , J. Joseph , R. Keisler , J. Kennedy , Z. Kermish , T. M. Lanting , A. T. Lee , E. M. Leitch , D. Luong-Van , J. J. McMahon , J. Mehl , S. S. Meyer , T. E. Montroy , S. Padin , T. Plagge , C. Pryke , P. L. Richards , J. E. Ruhl , K. K. Schaffer , D. Schwan , E. Shirokoff , H. G. Spieler , Z. Staniszewski , A. A. Stark , K. Vanderlinde , J. D. Vieira , C. Vu , B. Westbrook , R. Williamson

Digital frequency domain multiplexing readout electronics for the next generation of millimeter telescopes

Frequency domain multiplexing (fMux) is an established technique for the readout of transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers in millimeter-wavelength astrophysical instrumentation. In fMux, the signals from multiple detectors are read out on…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-22 Amy N. Bender , Jean-François Cliche , Tijmen de Haan , Matt A. Dobbs , Adam J. Gilbert , Joshua Montgomery , Neil Rowlands , Graeme M. Smecher , Ken Smith , Andrew Wilson

Digital frequency multiplexing with sub-Kelvin SQUIDs

Digital frequency multiplexing (dfMux) is a readout architecture for transition edge sensor-based detector arrays and is used on telescopes including SPT-3G, POLARBEAR-2, and LiteBIRD. Here, we present recent progress and plans for…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2018-07-17 Amy E. Lowitz , Amy N. Bender , Matthew A. Dobbs , Adam J. Gilbert

Adaptation of frequency-domain readout for Transition Edge Sensor bolometers for the POLARBEAR-2 Cosmic Microwave Background experiment

The POLARBEAR-2 CosmicMicrowave Background (CMB) experiment aims to observe B-mode polarization with high sensitivity to explore gravitational lensing of CMB and inflationary gravitational waves. POLARBEAR-2 is an upgraded experiment based…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-16 Kaori Hattori , Kam Arnold , Darcy Barron , Matt Dobbs , Tijmen de Haan , Nicholas Harrington , Masaya Hasegawa , Masashi Hazumi , William L. Holzapfel , Brian Keating , Adrian T. Lee , Hideki Morii , Michael J. Myers , Graeme Smecher , Aritoki Suzuki , Takayuki Tomaru

Frequency domain multiplexing readout for large arrays of transition-edge sensors

We report our most recent progress and demonstration of a frequency domain multiplexing (FDM) readout technology for transition-edge sensor (TES) arrays, both of which we have been developing, in the framework of the X-IFU instrument on…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2022-11-23 Davide Vaccaro , Hiroki Akamatsu , Luciano Gottardi , Jan van der Kuur , Kenichiro Nagayoshi , Emanuele Taralli , Martin de Wit , Marcel P. Bruijn , Anton J. van der Linden , Bert-Joost van Leeuwen , Paul van der Hulst , Kevin Ravensberg , Cor P. de Vries , Mikko Kiviranta , Jian-Rong Gao , Jan-Willem A. den Herder

Demonstration of MHz frequency domain multiplexing readout of 37 transition edge sensors for high-resolution x-ray imaging spectrometers

We report on the development and demonstration of a MHz frequency domain multiplexing (FDM) technology to read out arrays of cryogenic transition edge sensor (TES) X-ray microcalorimeters. In our FDM scheme, TESs are AC-biased at different…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2021-11-04 H. Akamatsu , D. Vaccaro , L. Gottardi , J. van der Kuur , C. P. de Vries , M. Kiviranta , K. Ravensberg , M. D'Andrea , E. Taralli , M. de Wit , M. P. Bruijn , P. van der Hulst , R. H. den Hartog , B-J. van Leeuwen , A. J. van der Linden , A. J McCalden , K. Nagayoshi , A. C. T. Nieuwenhuizen , M. L. Ridder , S. Visser , P. van Winden , J. R. Gao , R. W. M. Hoogeveen , B. D. Jackson , J-W. A. den Herder

Recent Advances in Frequency-Multiplexed TES Readout: Vastly Reduced Parasitics and an Increase in Multiplexing Factor with sub-Kelvin SQUIDs

Cosmic microwave background (CMB) measurements are fundamentally limited by photon statistics. Therefore, ground-based CMB observatories have been increasing the number of detectors that are simultaneously observing the sky. Thanks to the…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2020-03-18 T. de Haan , A. Suzuki , S. T. P. Boyd , R. H. Cantor , A. Coerver , M. A. Dobbs , R. Hennings-Yeomans , W. L. Holzapfel , A. T. Lee , G. I. Noble , G. Smecher , J. Zhou

Development of readout electronics for POLARBEAR-2 Cosmic Microwave Background experiment

The readout of transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers with a large multiplexing factor is key for the next generation Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) experiment, Polarbear-2, having 7,588 TES bolometers. To enable the large arrays, we…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2016-02-17 K. Hattori , Y. Akiba , K. Arnold , D. Barron , A. N. Bender , A. Cukierman , T. de Haan , M. Dobbs , T. Elleflot , M. Hasegawa , M. Hazumi , W. Holzapfel , Y. Hori , B. Keating , A. Kusaka , A. Lee , J. Montgomery , K. Rotermund , I. Shirley , A. Suzuki , N. Whitehorn

Multiplexed readout of Superconductor--Normal-Conductor--Superconductor bolometers

Recently, ultrasensitive calorimeters have been proposed as a resource-efficient solution for multiplexed qubit readout in superconducting large-scale quantum processors. However, experiments demonstrating frequency multiplexing of these…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-12 Priyank Singh , András Gunyhó , Heikki Suominen , Giacomo Catto , Florian Blanchet , Qi-Ming Chen , Arman Alizadeh , Aarne Keränen , Jian Ma , Timm Mörstedt , Wei Liu , Mikko Möttonen

The Design and Integrated Performance of SPT-3G

SPT-3G is the third survey receiver operating on the South Pole Telescope dedicated to high-resolution observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Sensitive measurements of the temperature and polarization anisotropies of the CMB…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2022-03-01 J. A. Sobrin , A. J. Anderson , A. N. Bender , B. A. Benson , D. Dutcher , A. Foster , N. Goeckner-Wald , J. Montgomery , A. Nadolski , A. Rahlin , P. A. R. Ade , Z. Ahmed , E. Anderes , M. Archipley , J. E. Austermann , J. S. Avva , K. Aylor , L. Balkenhol , P. S. Barry , R. Basu Thakur , K. Benabed , F. Bianchini , L. E. Bleem , F. R. Bouchet , L. Bryant , K. Byrum , J. E. Carlstrom , F. W. Carter , T. W. Cecil , C. L. Chang , P. Chaubal , G. Chen , H. -M. Cho , T. -L. Chou , J. -F. Cliche , T. M. Crawford , A. Cukierman , C. Daley , T. de Haan , E. V. Denison , K. Dibert , J. Ding , M. A. Dobbs , W. Everett , C. Feng , K. R. Ferguson , J. Fu , S. Galli , A. E. Gambrel , R. W. Gardner , R. Gualtieri , S. Guns , N. Gupta , R. Guyser , N. W. Halverson , A. H. Harke-Hosemann , N. L. Harrington , J. W. Henning , G. C. Hilton , E. Hivon , G. P. Holder , W. L. Holzapfel , J. C. Hood , D. Howe , N. Huang , K. D. Irwin , O. B. Jeong , M. Jonas , A. Jones , T. S. Khaire , L. Knox , A. M. Kofman , M. Korman , D. L. Kubik , S. Kuhlmann , C. -L. Kuo , A. T. Lee , E. M. Leitch , A. E. Lowitz , C. Lu , S. S. Meyer , D. Michalik , M. Millea , T. Natoli , H. Nguyen , G. I. Noble , V. Novosad , Y. Omori , S. Padin , Z. Pan , P. Paschos , J. Pearson , C. M. Posada , K. Prabhu , W. Quan , C. L. Reichardt , D. Riebel , B. Riedel , M. Rouble , J. E. Ruhl , B. Saliwanchik , J. T. Sayre , E. Schiappucci , E. Shirokoff , G. Smecher , A. A. Stark , J. Stephen , K. T. Story , A. Suzuki , C. Tandoi , K. L. Thompson , B. Thorne , C. Tucker , C. Umilta , L. R. Vale , K. Vanderlinde , J. D. Vieira , G. Wang , N. Whitehorn , W. L. K. Wu , V. Yefremenko , K. W. Yoon , M. R. Young

Frequency Multiplexing for Readout of Spin Qubits

We demonstrate a low loss, chip-level frequency multiplexing scheme for readout of scaled-up spin qubit devices. By integrating separate bias tees and resonator circuits on-chip for each readout channel, we realize dispersive gate-sensing…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2015-09-24 J. M. Hornibrook , J. I. Colless , A. C. Mahoney , X. G. Croot , S. Blanvillain , H. Lu , A. C. Gossard , D. J. Reilly

Understanding Side-Channel Vulnerabilities in Superconducting Qubit Readout Architectures

Frequency-multiplexing is an effective method to achieve resource-efficient superconducting qubit readout. Allowing multiple resonators to share a common feedline, the number of cables and passive components involved in the readout of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-06 Satvik Maurya , Chaithanya Naik Mude , Benjamin Lienhard , Swamit Tannu

A multiplexer for the ac/dc characterization of TES based bolometers and microcalorimeters

At SRON we are developing the Frequency Domain Multiplexing (FDM) for the read-out of the TES-based detector array for the future infrared and X-ray space mission. We describe the performances of a multiplexer designed to increase the…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2016-04-12 Luciano Gottardi , Hiroki Akamatsu , Marcel Bruijn , Jan R. Gao , Roland den Hartog , Richard Hijmering , Henk Hoevers , Pourya Khosropanah , Jan van der Kuur , Anoton van der Linden , Marcel Lindeman , Marcel Ridder

Results and Limits of Time Division Multiplexing for the BICEP Array High Frequency Receivers

Time-Division Multiplexing is the readout architecture of choice for many ground and space experiments, as it is a very mature technology with proven outstanding low-frequency noise stability, which represents a central challenge in…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2024-04-26 S. Fatigoni , P. A. R. Ade , Z. Ahmed , M. Amiri , D. Barkats , R. Basu Thakur , C. A. Bischoff , D. Beck , J. J. Bock , V. Buza , J. Cheshire , J. Connors , J. Cornelison , M. Crumrine , A. J. Cukierman , E. V. Denison , M. I. Dierickx , L. Duband , M. Eiben , J. P. Filippini , A. Fortes , M. Gao , C. Giannakopoulos , N. Goeckner-Wald , D. C. Goldfinger , J. A. Grayson , P. K. Grimes , G. Hall , G. Halal , M. Halpern , E. Hand , S. A. Harrison , S. Handerson , S. R. Hildebrandt , G. C. Hilton , J. Hubmayr , H. Hui , K. D. Irwin , J. H. Kang , K. S. Karkare , S. Kefeli , J. M. Kovac , C. L. Kuo , K. Lau , A. Lennox , T. Liu , K. G. Megerian , O. Y. Miller , L. Minutolo , L. Moncelsi , Y. Nakato , H. T. Nguyen , R. O Brient , S. Palladino , M. A. Petroff , A. Polish , T. Prouve , C. Pryke , B. Racine , C. D. Reintsema , T. Romand , M. Salatino , A. Schillaci , B. L. Schmitt , B. Singari , A. Soliman , T. St. Germaine , A. Steiger , B. Steinbach , R. Sudiwala , K. L. Thompson , C. Tsai , C. Tucker , A. D. Turner , C. Umiltà , C. Vèrges , A. Wandui , A. C. Weber , D. V. Wiebe , J. Willmert , W. L. K. Wu , E. Yang , E. Young , C. Yu , L. Zeng , C. Zhang , S. Zhang