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The security of integrated circuits (ICs) can be broken by sophisticated physical attacks relying on failure analysis methods. Optical probing is one of the most prominent examples of such attacks, which can be accomplished in a matter of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Saleh Khalaj Monfared , Kyle Mitard , Andrew Cannon , Domenic Forte , Shahin Tajik

Logic Programming (LP) is a subcategory of declarative programming that is considered to be relatively simple for non-programmers. LP developers focus on describing facts and rules of a logical derivation, and do not need to think about the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Joosep Jääger , Alisa Pankova

Hardware intellectual property (IP) in the globalized integrated circuit (IC) supply chain is exposed to a wide range of confidentiality and integrity attacks by untrusted third-party entities. Existing IP-level countermeasures, such as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Aritra Dasgupta , Sudipta Paria , Swarup Bhunia

Embedded software used in industrial systems frequently relies on data that ensures the correct and efficient operation of these systems. Thus, companies invest considerable resources in fine-tuning this data, making it their valuable…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Bernhard Fischer , Daniel Dorfmeister , Flavio Ferrarotti , Manuel Penz , Michael Kargl , Martina Zeinzinger , Florian Eibensteiner

With the rise of advanced reasoning capabilities, large language models (LLMs) are receiving increasing attention. However, although reasoning improves LLMs' performance on downstream tasks, it also introduces new security risks, as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Man Hu , Xinyi Wu , Zuofeng Suo , Jinbo Feng , Linghui Meng , Yanhao Jia , Anh Tuan Luu , Shuai Zhao

Intellectual Property (IP) theft is a serious concern for the integrated circuit (IC) industry. To address this concern, logic locking countermeasure transforms a logic circuit to a different one to obfuscate its inner details. The…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-18 Qinhan Tan , Seetal Potluri , Aydin Aysu

The security of Large Language Model (LLM) applications is fundamentally challenged by "form-first" attacks like prompt injection and jailbreaking, where malicious instructions are embedded within user inputs. Conventional defenses, which…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Dominik Schwarz

Existing countermeasures for hardware IP protection, such as obfuscation, camouflaging, and redaction, aim to defend against confidentiality and integrity attacks. However, within the current threat model, these techniques overlook the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Aritra Dasgupta , Sudipta Paria , Christopher Sozio , Andrew Lukefahr , Swarup Bhunia

The threat of hardware reverse engineering is a growing concern for a large number of applications. A main defense strategy against reverse engineering is hardware obfuscation. In this paper, we investigate physical obfuscation techniques,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-10-03 Arunkumar Vijayakumar , Vinay C. Patil , Daniel E. Holcomb , Christof Paar , Sandip Kundu

Logic Obfuscation is a well renowned design-for-trust solution to protect an Integrated Circuit (IC) from unauthorized use and illegal overproduction by including key-gates to lock the design. This is particularly necessary for ICs…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Haimanti Chakraborty , Ranga Vemuri

Logic locking remains one of the most promising defenses against hardware piracy, yet current approaches often face challenges in scalability and design overhead. In this paper, we present TLGLock, a new design paradigm that leverages the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Abdullah Sahruri , Martin Margala

Microcode is an abstraction layer used by modern x86 processors that interprets user-visible CISC instructions to hardware-internal RISC instructions. The capability to update x86 microcode enables a vendor to modify CPU behavior in-field,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Benjamin Kollenda , Philipp Koppe , Marc Fyrbiak , Christian Kison , Christof Paar , Thorsten Holz

While various obfuscation methods exist in the digital domain, techniques for protecting Intellectual Property (IP) in the analog domain are mostly overlooked. Understandably, analog components have a small footprint as most of the surface…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Muayad J. Aljafar , Florence Azais , Marie-Lise Flottes , Samuel Pagliarini

Security is an important facet of integrated circuit design for many applications. IP privacy and Trojan insertion are growing threats as circuit fabrication in advanced nodes almost inevitably relies on untrusted foundries. A proposed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-05-21 Joseph Sweeney , Samuel Pagliarini , Lawrence Pileggi

Logic locking aims to prevent intellectual property (IP) piracy and unauthorized overproduction of integrated circuits (ICs). However, initial logic locking techniques were vulnerable to the Boolean satisfiability (SAT)-based attacks. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Lilas Alrahis , Satwik Patnaik , Muhammad Abdullah Hanif , Muhammad Shafique , Ozgur Sinanoglu

State-of-the-art attacks against cyclic logic obfuscation use satisfiability solvers that are equipped with a set of cycle avoidance clauses. These cycle avoidance clauses are generated in a pre-processing step and define various key…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-01-27 Shervin Roshanisefat , Hadi Mardani Kamali , Houman Homayoun , Avesta Sasan

Split manufacturing (SM) and layout camouflaging (LC) are two promising techniques to obscure integrated circuits (ICs) from malicious entities during and after manufacturing. While both techniques enable protecting the intellectual…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-08-13 Satwik Patnaik , Mohammed Ashraf , Ozgur Sinanoglu , Johann Knechtel

Large Language Models (LLMs), despite their impressive capabilities across domains, have been shown to be vulnerable to backdoor attacks. Prior backdoor strategies predominantly operate at the token level, where an injected trigger causes…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Vu Tuan Truong , Long Bao Le

The era of widespread globalization has led to the emergence of hardware-centric security threats throughout the IC supply chain. Prior defenses like logic locking, layout camouflaging, and split manufacturing have been researched…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-09 Nikhil Rangarajan , Satwik Patnaik , Johann Knechtel , Ramesh Karri , Ozgur Sinanoglu , Shaloo Rakheja

Integrated Circuits (ICs) are the target of diverse attacks during their lifetime. Fabrication-time attacks, such as the insertion of Hardware Trojans, can give an adversary access to privileged data and/or the means to corrupt the IC's…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Mohammad Eslami , Tiago Perez , Samuel Pagliarini