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In the digital age, ensuring the correctness, safety, and reliability of software through formal verification is paramount, particularly as software increasingly underpins critical infrastructure. Formal verification, split into theorem…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Zhiyong Chen , Jialun Cao , Jiarong Wu , Chang Xu , Shing-Chi Cheung

One of the main issues in proof certification is that different theorem provers, even when designed for the same logic, tend to use different proof formalisms and produce outputs in different formats. The project ProofCert promotes the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-10-09 Tomer Libal , Marco Volpe

Automatically generated code is gaining traction recently, owing to the prevalence of Large Language Models (LLMs). Further, the AlphaProof initiative has demonstrated the possibility of using AI for general mathematical reasoning.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Haoxin Tu , Huan Zhao , Yahui Song , Mehtab Zafar , Ruijie Meng , Abhik Roychoudhury

Compilers are a prime target for formal verification, since compiler bugs invalidate higher-level correctness guarantees, but compiler changes may become more labor-intensive to implement, if they must come with proof patches. One appealing…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Jason Gross , Andres Erbsen , Jade Philipoom , Rajashree Agrawal , Adam Chlipala

Mathematical theorems are human knowledge able to be accumulated in the form of symbolic representation, and proving theorems has been considered intelligent behavior. Based on the BHK interpretation and the Curry-Howard isomorphism, proof…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-04-18 Li-An Yang , Jui-Pin Liu , Chao-Hong Chen , Ying-ping Chen

In the last decade, a large body of work has emerged on robustness of neural networks, i.e., checking if the decision remains unchanged when the input is slightly perturbed. However, most of these approaches ignore the confidence of a…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Mohammad Afzal , S. Akshay , Blaise Genest , Ashutosh Gupta

Recent work by Clark et al. (2020) shows that transformers can act as 'soft theorem provers' by answering questions over explicitly provided knowledge in natural language. In our work, we take a step closer to emulating formal theorem…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-07 Swarnadeep Saha , Sayan Ghosh , Shashank Srivastava , Mohit Bansal

Fully automated verification of large-scale software and hardware systems is arguably the holy grail of formal methods. Large language models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated their potential for enhancing the degree of automation in formal…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Zhongyi Wang , Tengjie Lin , Mingshuai Chen , Haokun Li , Mingqi Yang , Xiao Yi , Shengchao Qin , Yixing Luo , Xiaofeng Li , Bin Gu , Liqiang Lu , Jianwei Yin

Software testing plays a critical role in ensuring that systems behave as intended. However, existing automated testing approaches struggle to match the capabilities of human engineers due to key limitations such as test locality, lack of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Kangping Xu , Yifan Luo , Yang Yuan , Andrew Chi-Chih Yao

Ensuring correctness is crucial for code generation. Formal verification offers a definitive assurance of correctness, but demands substantial human effort in proof construction and hence raises a pressing need for automation. The primary…

The behaviour of neural network components must be proven correct before deployment in safety-critical systems. Unfortunately, existing neural network verification techniques cannot certify the absence of faults at the software level. In…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Edoardo Manino , Bruno Farias , Rafael Sá Menezes , Fedor Shmarov , Lucas C. Cordeiro

Theorem proving is fundamental to program verification, where the automated proof of Verification Conditions (VCs) remains a primary bottleneck. Real-world program verification frequently encounters hard VCs that existing Automated Theorem…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Qiyuan Xu , Xiaokun Luan , Renxi Wang , Joshua Ong Jun Leang , Peixin Wang , Haonan Li , Wenda Li , Conrad Watt

Formal verification is increasingly recognized as a critical foundation for building reliable software systems. However, the need for specialized expertise to write precise specifications, navigate complex proof obligations, and learn…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Changjie Wang , Mariano Scazzariello , Anoud Alshnakat , Roberto Guanciale , Dejan Kostić , Marco Chiesa

Neural models for automated fact verification have achieved promising results thanks to the availability of large, human-annotated datasets. However, for each new domain that requires fact verification, creating a dataset by manually…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Liangming Pan , Wenhu Chen , Wenhan Xiong , Min-Yen Kan , William Yang Wang

A compiler consists of a sequence of phases going from lexical analysis to code generation. Ideally, the formal verification of a compiler should include the formal verification of each component of the tool-chain. An example is the…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Wendlasida Ouedraogo , Gabriel Scherer , Lutz Strassburger

Synthetic verification techniques such as generating test cases and reward modelling are common ways to enhance the coding capabilities of large language models (LLM) beyond predefined tests. Additionally, code verification has recently…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Aleksander Ficek , Somshubra Majumdar , Vahid Noroozi , Boris Ginsburg

Proof-oriented programs mix computational content with proofs of program correctness. However, the human effort involved in programming and proving is still substantial, despite the use of Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solvers to…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Saikat Chakraborty , Gabriel Ebner , Siddharth Bhat , Sarah Fakhoury , Sakina Fatima , Shuvendu Lahiri , Nikhil Swamy

Neural network verification tools currently support only a narrow class of specifications, typically expressed as low-level constraints over raw inputs and outputs. This limitation significantly hinders their adoption and practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Yizhak Y. Elboher , Reuven Peleg , Zhouxing Shi , Guy Katz , Jan Křetínský

Interactive theorem provers have been used extensively to reason about various software/hardware systems and mathematical theorems. The key challenge when using an interactive prover is finding a suitable sequence of proof steps that will…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-05-15 Thomas Gransden , Neil Walkinshaw , Rajeev Raman

Development of formal proofs of correctness of programs can increase actual and perceived reliability and facilitate better understanding of program specifications and their underlying assumptions. Tools supporting such development have…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-03-17 Talia Ringer , Karl Palmskog , Ilya Sergey , Milos Gligoric , Zachary Tatlock