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Probabilistic computing using random number generators (RNGs) can leverage the inherent stochasticity of nanodevices for system-level benefits. The magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) has been studied as an RNG due to its thermally-driven…

Superparamagnetic tunnel junctions (SMTJs) have emerged as a competitive, realistic nanotechnology to support novel forms of stochastic computation in CMOS-compatible platforms. One of their applications is to generate random bitstreams…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2020-03-09 Matthew W. Daniels , Advait Madhavan , Philippe Talatchian , Alice Mizrahi , Mark D. Stiles

Recently there is considerable interest to realize efficient and low-cost true random number generators (RNGs) for practical applications. One important way is through the use of bistable magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs). Here we study the…

Other Condensed Matter · Physics 2023-09-07 Chee Kwan Gan , Bingjin Chen , Minggang Zeng

Superparamagnetic tunnel junctions (SMTJs) are promising sources for the randomness required by some compact and energy-efficient computing schemes. Coupling SMTJs gives rise to collective behavior that could be useful for cognitive…

We review two magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) approaches for compact, low-power, CMOS-integrated true random number generation (TRNG). The first employs passive-read, easy-plane superparamagnetic MTJs (sMTJs) that generate…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2026-01-15 Jonathan Z. Sun , Christopher Safranski , Siyuranga Koswata , Pouya Hashemi , Andrew D. Kent

Probabilistic computing is a novel computing scheme that offers a more efficient approach than conventional CMOS-based logic in a variety of applications ranging from optimization to Bayesian inference, and invertible Boolean logic. The…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2024-06-18 John Daniel , Zheng Sun , Xuejian Zhang , Yuanqiu Tan , Neil Dilley , Zhihong Chen , Joerg Appenzeller

Stochastic magnetic tunnel junctions (s-MTJ) is a promising component of probabilistic bit (p-bit), which plays a pivotal role in probabilistic computers. For a standard cell structure of the p-bit, s-MTJ is desired to be insensitive to…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2024-07-12 Rikuto Ota , Keito Kobayashi , Keisuke Hayakawa , Shun Kanai , Kerem Y. Çamsarı , Hideo Ohno , Shunsuke Fukami

True random number generators are of great interest in many computing applications such as cryptography, neuromorphic systems and Monte Carlo simulations. Here we investigate perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction nanopillars (pMTJs)…

We investigate the stochastic dynamics of nanoscale perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions (pMTJs) and the correlations that arise when they are electrically coupled. Individual junctions exhibit thermally activated spin-transfer torque…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2026-02-04 Dairong Chen , Ahmed Sidi El Valli , Jonathan Z. Sun , Flaviano Morone , Dries Sels , Andrew D. Kent

Perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions (pMTJs) actuated by nanosecond pulses are emerging as promising devices for true random number generation (TRNG) due to their intrinsic stochastic behavior and high throughput. In this work, we study…

Applied Physics · Physics 2025-06-23 Ahmed Sidi El Valli , Michael Tsao , J. Darby Smith , Shashank Misra , Andrew D. Kent

Stochastic magnetic tunnel junctions (sMTJ) using low-barrier nanomagnets have shown promise as fast, energy-efficient, and scalable building blocks for probabilistic computing. Despite recent experimental and theoretical progress, sMTJs…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2024-05-03 Kemal Selcuk , Shun Kanai , Rikuto Ota , Hideo Ohno , Shunsuke Fukami , Kerem Y. Camsari

Nanoscale magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) devices can efficiently convert thermal energy in the environment into random bitstreams for computational modeling and cryptography. We recently showed that perpendicular MTJs activated by…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2023-11-09 Laura Rehm , Md Golam Morshed , Shashank Misra , Ankit Shukla , Shaloo Rakheja , Mustafa Pinarbasi , Avik W. Ghosh , Andrew D. Kent

Naturally random devices that exploit ambient thermal noise have recently attracted attention as hardware primitives for accelerating probabilistic computing applications. One such approach is to use a low barrier nanomagnet as the free…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2021-05-05 Kerem Y. Camsari , Mustafa Mert Torunbalci , William A. Borders , Hideo Ohno , Shunsuke Fukami

Large quantities of random numbers are crucial in a wide range of applications. We have recently demonstrated that perpendicular nanopillar magnetic tunnel junctions (pMTJs) can produce true random bits when actuated with short pulses.…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2024-06-21 Andre Dubovskiy , Troy Criss , Ahmed Sidi El Valli , Laura Rehm , Andrew D. Kent , Andrew Haas

Superparamagnetic tunnel junctions (SMTJs) are promising sources of randomness for compact and energy efficient implementations of probabilistic computing techniques. Augmenting an SMTJ with electronic circuits, to convert the random…

This work investigates nanosecond superparamagnetic switching in 50 nm diameter in-plane magnetized magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs). Due to the small in-plane uniaxial anisotropy, dwell times below 10 ns and auto-correlation times down to…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2023-01-16 Leo Schnitzspan , Mathias Kläui , Gerhard Jakob

Physical devices exhibiting stochastic functions with low energy consumption and high device density have the potential to enable complex probability-based computing algorithms, accelerate machine learning tasks, and enhance hardware…

Materials Science · Physics 2024-09-17 Dooyong Koh , Qiuyuan Wang , Brooke C. McGoldrick , Chung-Tao Chou , Luqiao Liu , Marc A. Baldo

This paper introduces an analog-to-stochastic converter using a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) device for vision chips based on stochastic computation. Stochastic computation has been recently exploited for area-efficient hardware…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Naoya Onizawa , Daisaku Katagiri , Warren J. Gross , Takahiro Hanyu

We demonstrate that thermally stable perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions (pMTJs), widely used in spin-transfer torque magnetic random-access memory, can be actuated with nanosecond pulses to exhibit tunable stochastic behavior. This…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2026-01-15 Ahmed Sidi El Valli , Michael Tsao , Dairong Chen , Andrew D. Kent

Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs), which are the fundamental building blocks of spintronic devices, have been used to build true random number generators (TRNGs) with different trade-offs between throughput, power, and area requirements.…

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