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Despite growing interest in using large language models (LLMs) to automate annotation, their effectiveness in complex, nuanced, and multi-dimensional labelling tasks remains relatively underexplored. This study focuses on annotation for the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Leila Tavakoli , Hamed Zamani

State-of-the-art question answering (QA) relies upon large amounts of training data for which labeling is time consuming and thus expensive. For this reason, customizing QA systems is challenging. As a remedy, we propose a novel framework…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Bernhard Kratzwald , Stefan Feuerriegel , Huan Sun

High-quality data is necessary for modern machine learning. However, the acquisition of such data is difficult due to noisy and ambiguous annotations of humans. The aggregation of such annotations to determine the label of an image leads to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Lars Schmarje , Vasco Grossmann , Claudius Zelenka , Sabine Dippel , Rainer Kiko , Mariusz Oszust , Matti Pastell , Jenny Stracke , Anna Valros , Nina Volkmann , Reinhard Koch

A lot of real-world phenomena are complex and cannot be captured by single task annotations. This causes a need for subsequent annotations, with interdependent questions and answers describing the nature of the subject at hand. Even in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-05 Moritz Wolf , Dana Ruiter , Ashwin Geet D'Sa , Liane Reiners , Jan Alexandersson , Dietrich Klakow

Automatic content moderation is crucial to ensuring safety in social media. Language Model-based classifiers are being increasingly adopted for this task, but it has been shown that they perpetuate racial and social biases. Even if several…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Alessandra Urbinati , Mirko Lai , Simona Frenda , Marco Antonio Stranisci

Crowdsourcing platforms offer a practical solution to the problem of affordably annotating large datasets for training supervised classifiers. Unfortunately, poor worker performance frequently threatens to compromise annotation reliability,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-01-17 Liyue Zhao , Yu Zhang , Gita Sukthankar

Data collection from manual labeling provides domain-specific and task-aligned supervision for data-driven approaches, and a critical mass of well-annotated resources is required to achieve reasonable performance in natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Zhengyuan Liu , Hai Leong Chieu , Nancy F. Chen

In the era of increasingly sophisticated natural language processing (NLP) systems, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable potential for diverse applications, including tasks requiring nuanced textual understanding and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Poli Apollinaire Nemkova , Solomon Ubani , Mark V. Albert

Annotation bias in NLP datasets remains a major challenge for developing multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly in culturally diverse settings. Bias from task framing, annotator subjectivity, and cultural mismatches can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Xia Cui , Ziyi Huang , Naeemeh Adel

Sentiment analysis is often a crowdsourcing task prone to subjective labels given by many annotators. It is not yet fully understood how the annotation bias of each annotator can be modeled correctly with state-of-the-art methods. However,…

This work offers a novel view on the use of human input as labels, acknowledging that humans may err. We build a behavioral profile for human annotators which is used as a feature representation of the provided input. We show that by…

Databases · Computer Science 2022-05-09 Roee Shraga

Data quality is crucial for training accurate, unbiased, and trustworthy machine learning models as well as for their correct evaluation. Recent works, however, have shown that even popular datasets used to train and evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Jan-Christoph Klie , Richard Eckart de Castilho , Iryna Gurevych

Current supervised deep learning frameworks rely on annotated data for modeling the underlying data distribution of a given task. In particular for computer vision algorithms powered by deep learning, the quality of annotated data is the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-12-24 Joseph Nassar , Viveca Pavon-Harr , Marc Bosch , Ian McCulloh

High-quality data annotation is an essential but laborious and costly aspect of developing machine learning-based software. We explore the inherent tradeoff between annotation accuracy and cost by detecting and removing minority reports --…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Hsuan Wei Liao , Christopher Klugmann , Daniel Kondermann , Rafid Mahmood

Learning an ordering of items based on pairwise comparisons is useful when items are difficult to rate consistently on an absolute scale, for example, when annotators have to make subjective assessments. When exhaustive comparison is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Herman Bergström , Emil Carlsson , Devdatt Dubhashi , Fredrik D. Johansson

Supervised classification heavily depends on datasets annotated by humans. However, in subjective tasks such as toxicity classification, these annotations often exhibit low agreement among raters. Annotations have commonly been aggregated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Negar Mokhberian , Myrl G. Marmarelis , Frederic R. Hopp , Valerio Basile , Fred Morstatter , Kristina Lerman

Manual annotation of medical images is highly subjective, leading to inevitable and huge annotation biases. Deep learning models may surpass human performance on a variety of tasks, but they may also mimic or amplify these biases. Although…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-23 Zehui Liao , Shishuai Hu , Yutong Xie , Yong Xia

Selecting an effective training signal for machine learning tasks is difficult: expert annotations are expensive, and crowd-sourced annotations may not be reliable. Recent work has demonstrated that learning from a distribution over labels…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Dustin Wright , Isabelle Augenstein

This study centers on overcoming the challenge of selecting the best annotators for each query in Active Learning (AL), with the objective of minimizing misclassifications. AL recognizes the challenges related to cost and time when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-02 Diana Mortagua

Large amounts of annotated data have become more important than ever, especially since the rise of deep learning techniques. However, manual annotations are costly. We propose a tool that enables researchers to create large, high-quality,…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2021-12-23 Franziska Weeber , Felix Hamborg , Karsten Donnay , Bela Gipp
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