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Infrastructure as Code (IaC) is the process of managing IT infrastructure via programmable configuration files (also called IaC scripts). Like other software artifacts, IaC scripts may contain security smells, which are coding patterns that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-08 Nuno Saavedra , João F. Ferreira

Infrastructure as Code (IaC) has become essential for modern software management, yet security flaws in IaC scripts can have severe consequences, as exemplified by the recurring exploits of Cloud Web Services. Prior work has recognized the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Aicha War , Serge L. B. Nikiema , Jordan Samhi , Jacques Klein , Tegawende F. Bissyande

Infrastructure as Code (IaC) automates the provisioning and management of IT infrastructure through scripts and tools, streamlining software deployment. Prior studies have shown that IaC scripts often contain recurring security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Aicha War , Adnan A. Rawass , Abdoul K. Kabore , Jordan Samhi , Jacques Klein , Tegawende F. Bissyande

Infrastructure as Code (IaC) enables automated provisioning of large-scale cloud and on-premise environments, reducing the need for repetitive manual setup. However, this automation is a double-edged sword: a single misconfiguration in IaC…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Qiyue Mei , Michael Fu

Practitioners use Infrastructure as Code (IaC) scripts to efficiently configure IT infrastructures through machine-readable definition files. However, during the development of these scripts, some code patterns or deployment choices may…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Seif Kosbar , Mohammad Hamdaqa

Android Inter-Component Communication (ICC) is complex, largely unconstrained, and hard for developers to understand. As a consequence, ICC is a common source of security vulnerability in Android apps. To promote secure programming…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-12-11 Pascal Gadient , Mohammad Ghafari , Patrick Frischknecht , Oscar Nierstrasz

This paper presents GLITCH, a new technology-agnostic framework that enables automated polyglot code smell detection for Infrastructure as Code scripts. GLITCH uses an intermediate representation on which different code smell detectors can…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Nuno Saavedra , João Gonçalves , Miguel Henriques , João F. Ferreira , Alexandra Mendes

Context: Security is vital to software developed for commercial or personal use. Although more organizations are realizing the importance of applying secure coding practices, in many of them, security concerns are not known or addressed…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-11-02 Kazi Zakia Sultana , Zadia Codabux , Byron Williams

The ubiquity of smartphones, and their very broad capabilities and usage, make the security of these devices tremendously important. Unfortunately, despite all progress in security and privacy mechanisms, vulnerabilities continue to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-03 Mohammad Ghafari , Pascal Gadient , Oscar Nierstrasz

JavaScript has been consistently among the most popular programming languages in the past decade. However, its dynamic, weakly-typed, and asynchronous nature can make it challenging to write maintainable code for developers without in-depth…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Vikas Kambhampati , Nehaz Hussain Mohammed , Amin Milani Fard

Build scripts automate the process of compiling source code, managing dependencies, running tests, and packaging software into deployable artifacts. These scripts are ubiquitous in modern software development pipelines for streamlining…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Mahzabin Tamanna , Yash Chandrani , Matthew Burrows , Brandon Wroblewski , Laurie Williams , Dominik Wermke

We investigated the capabilities of GPT-4o and Gemini 2.0 Flash for secure Infrastructure as Code (IaC) development. For security smell detection, on the Stack Overflow dataset, which primarily contains small, simplified code snippets, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Ehsan Firouzi , Shardul Bhatt , Mohammad Ghafari

Angular is one of the most widely adopted frameworks for developing large-scale, dynamic web applications. As projects increase in scope and complexity, developers face growing challenges in managing architecture and maintaining clean,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Maykon Nunes , Emanuel Coutinho , Carla Bezerra , Ivan Machado

Context: In continuous deployment, software and services are rapidly deployed to end-users using an automated deployment pipeline. Defects in infrastructure as code (IaC) scripts can hinder the reliability of the automated deployment…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-06-03 Akond Rahman , Laurie Williams

Infrastructure-as-code (IaC) is a practice to implement continuous deployment by allowing management and provisioning of infrastructure through the definition of machine-readable files and automation around them, rather than physical…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Stefano Dalla Palma , Dario Di Nucci , Fabio Palomba , Damian A. Tamburri

[Background] Web communication is universal in cyberspace, and security risks in this domain are devastating. [Aims] We analyzed the prevalence of six security smells in mobile app servers, and we investigated the consequence of these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-17 Pascal Gadient , Marc-Andrea Tarnutzer , Oscar Nierstrasz , Mohammad Ghafari

Code Smell, similar to a bad smell, is a surface indication of something tainted but in terms of software writing practices. This metric is an indication of a deeper problem lies within the code and is associated with an issue which is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-08-11 Himanshu Gupta , Tanmay G. Kulkarni , Lov Kumar , Lalita Bhanu Murthy Neti , Aneesh Krishna

Infrastructure as Code (IaC) has become integral to modern software development, enabling automated and consistent configuration of computing environments. The rapid proliferation of IaC scripts has highlighted the need for better code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Pandu Ranga Reddy Konala , Vimal Kumar , David Bainbridge , Junaid Haseeb

Context: The 'as code' suffix in infrastructure as code (IaC) refers to applying software engineering activities, such as version control, to maintain IaC scripts. Without the application of these activities, defects that can have serious…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-06-02 Akond Rahman , Effat Farhana , Laurie Williams

In recent years, Infrastructure as Code (IaC) has emerged as a critical approach for managing and provisioning IT infrastructure through code and automation. IaC enables organizations to create scalable and consistent environments,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Yikun Li , Matteo Grella , Daniel Nahmias , Gal Engelberg , Dan Klein , Giancarlo Guizzardi , Thijs van Ede , Andrea Continella
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