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While raw cosine similarity in pretrained embedding spaces exhibits strong rank correlation with human judgments, anisotropy induces systematic miscalibration of absolute values: scores concentrate in a narrow high-similarity band…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Nicolas Tacheny

We first prove that for every metrizable space $X$, for every closed subset $F$ whose complement is zero-dimensional, the space $X$ can be embedded into a product space of the closed subset $F$ and a metrizable zero-dimensional space as a…

General Topology · Mathematics 2026-01-13 Yoshito Ishiki

Since persistence diagrams do not admit an inner product structure, a map into a Hilbert space is needed in order to use kernel methods. It is natural to ask if such maps necessarily distort the metric on persistence diagrams. We show that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-31 Peter Bubenik , Alexander Wagner

The optimal Orlicz target space is exhibited for embeddings of fractional-order Orlicz-Sobolev spaces in $\mathbb R^n$. An improved embedding with an Orlicz-Lorentz target space, which is optimal in the broader class of all…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2020-01-17 Angela Alberico , Andrea Cianchi , Luboš Pick , Lenka Slavíková

Embedded spaces are a key feature in deep learning. Good embedded spaces represent the data well to support classification and advanced techniques such as open-set recognition, few-short learning and explainability. This paper presents a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Stefan Scholl

In applications with significant class imbalance or asymmetric costs, metrics such as the $F_\beta$-measure, AM measure, Jaccard similarity coefficient, and weighted accuracy offer more suitable evaluation criteria than standard binary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Anqi Mao , Mehryar Mohri , Yutao Zhong

Embedding complex objects as vectors in low dimensional spaces is a longstanding problem in machine learning. We propose in this work an extension of that approach, which consists in embedding objects as elliptical probability…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-02-19 Boris Muzellec , Marco Cuturi

Modern AI is opening the door to collective decision-making in which participants express their views as free-form text rather than voting on a fixed set of candidates. A natural idea is to embed these opinions in a vector space so that the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Carter Blair , Ariel D. Procaccia , Milind Tambe

Typical graph embeddings may not capture type-specific bipartite graph features that arise in such areas as recommender systems, data visualization, and drug discovery. Machine learning methods utilized in these applications would be better…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-24 Justin Sybrandt , Ilya Safro

We show that, for a separable and complete metric space $M$, the Lipschitz-free space $\mathcal F(M)$ embeds linearly and almost-isometrically into $\ell_1$ if and only if $M$ is a subset of an $\mathbb R$-tree with length measure 0.…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2022-03-16 Ramón J. Aliaga , Colin Petitjean , Antonín Procházka

Let $G$ be an Orlicz function and let $ \alpha, \beta, s$ be positive real numbers. Under certain conditions on the Orlicz function $ G $, we establish some continuous embeddings results between the fractional order Orlicz-Sobolev spaces…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2023-07-06 Azeddine Baalal , Mohamed Berghout , EL-Houcine Ouali

This work studies an explicit embedding of the set of probability measures into a Hilbert space, defined using optimal transport maps from a reference probability density. This embedding linearizes to some extent the 2-Wasserstein space,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-05-05 Quentin Mérigot , Alex Delalande , Frédéric Chazal

Metric spaces $(X, d)$ are ubiquitous objects in mathematics and computer science that allow for capturing (pairwise) distance relationships $d(x, y)$ between points $x, y \in X$. Because of this, it is natural to ask what useful…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Willow Barkan-Vered , Huck Bennett , Amir Nayyeri

This paper is concerned with proving some embeddings of the form \begin{equation*} F_{p_{1},q}^{s_{1}}\cdot B_{p_{2},\infty }^{s_{2}}\cdot ...\cdot B_{p_{m},\infty }^{s_{m}}\hookrightarrow F_{p,q}^{s_{1}},\quad m\geq 2. \end{equation*} The…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2023-01-10 Douadi Drihem

We study first-order optimization algorithms under the constraint that the descent direction is quantized using a pre-specified budget of $R$-bits per dimension, where $R \in (0 ,\infty)$. We propose computationally efficient optimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Rajarshi Saha , Mert Pilanci , Andrea J. Goldsmith

We give sufficient conditions for a metric space to bilipschitz embed in L_1. In particular, if X is a length space and there is a Lipschitz map u:X--->R such that for every interval I in R, the connected components of the inverse image…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2011-10-12 Jeff Cheeger , Bruce Kleiner

We show that for every $\alpha > 0$, there exist $n$-point metric spaces (X,d) where every "scale" admits a Euclidean embedding with distortion at most $\alpha$, but the whole space requires distortion at least $\Omega(\sqrt{\alpha \log…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2015-05-14 Alexander Jaffe , James R. Lee , Mohammad Moharrami

Unsupervised representation learning methods are widely used for gaining insight into high-dimensional, unstructured, or structured data. In some cases, users may have prior topological knowledge about the data, such as a known cluster…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Edith Heiter , Robin Vandaele , Tijl De Bie , Yvan Saeys , Jefrey Lijffijt

Let $(X,\left\Vert \cdot \right\Vert )$ be a real normed space of dimension $N\in \mathbb{N}$ with a basis $(e_{i})_{1}^{N}$ such that the norm is invariant under coordinate permutations. Assume for simplicity that the basis constant is at…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2014-01-03 Daniel Fresen

This paper studies the minimal dimension required to embed subset memberships ($m$ elements and ${m\choose k}$ subsets of at most $k$ elements) into vector spaces, denoted as Minimal Embeddable Dimension (MED). The tight bounds of MED are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Zihao Wang , Hang Yin , Lihui Liu , Hanghang Tong , Yangqiu Song , Ginny Wong , Simon See