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Mediation analysis extending beyond single mediators has gained significant attention in recent years. However, related methods often assume the absence of unmeasured mediator-outcome confounding. To address this, we develop a mediation…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-31 Kang Shuai , Lan Liu , Yangbo He , Wei Li

Mediation analysis in causal inference typically concentrates on one binary exposure, using deterministic interventions to split the average treatment effect into direct and indirect effects through a single mediator. Yet, real-world…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-07-07 David B. McCoy , Alan E. Hubbard , Mark van der Laan , Alejandro Schuler

Mediation analysis is a statistical approach that can provide insights regarding the intermediary processes by which an intervention or exposure affects a given outcome. Mediation analyses rose to prominence, particularly in social science…

The presence of intermediate confounders, also called recanting witnesses, is a fundamental challenge to the investigation of causal mechanisms in mediation analysis, preventing the identification of natural path-specific effects. Proposed…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-01-10 Tat-Thang Vo , Nicholas Williams , Richard Liu , Kara E. Rudolph , Ivan Dıaz

This paper aims to provide practitioners of causal mediation analysis with a better understanding of estimation options. We take as inputs two familiar strategies (weighting and model-based prediction) and a simple way of combining them…

A new method is proposed to explore sources of cross-site impact variance in multi-site trials of social interventions. With this approach, aggregate reports from participants in the treatment arm about the treatment experience are used to…

Applications · Statistics 2021-12-03 David R. Judkins , Gabriel Durham

We propose semi- and non-parametric methods to estimate conditional interventional effects in the setting of two discrete mediators whose causal ordering is unknown. Average interventional indirect effects have been shown to decompose an…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-04-19 Max Rubinstein , Zach Branson , Edward H. Kennedy

Interventional effects have been proposed as a solution to the unidentifiability of natural (in)direct effects under mediator-outcome confounders affected by the exposure. Such confounders are an intrinsic characteristic of studies with…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-03-30 Iván Díaz , Nicholas Williams , Kara E. Rudolph

Mediation analysis is appealing for its ability to improve understanding of the mechanistic drivers of causal effects, but real-world data complexities challenge its successful implementation, including: 1) the existence of post-exposure…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-12-19 Kara E Rudolph , Nicholas Williams , Ivan Diaz

Causal mediation analysis usually requires strong assumptions, such as ignorability of the mediator, which may not hold in many social and scientific studies. Motivated by a multilevel randomized treatment experiment using functional…

Applications · Statistics 2017-07-11 Yi Zhao , Xi Luo

Causal mediation analysis is a powerful tool for disentangling the total effect of a treatment into its direct effect on the outcome and its indirect effect mediated through an intermediate variable. However, in observational studies,…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-04-28 Yuhao Deng , Haoyu Wei , Zhongzhe Ouyang

Causal effect estimation from observational data is one of the essential problems in causal inference. However, most estimation methods rely on the strong assumption that all confounders are observed, which is impractical and untestable in…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-02-14 Yubai Yuan , Annie Qu

In many medical studies, an ultimate failure event such as death is likely to be affected by the occurrence and timing of other intermediate clinical events. Both event times are subject to censoring by loss-to-follow-up but the nonterminal…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-01-18 Fei Gao , Fan Xia , Kwun Chuen Gary Chan

Mediation analysis aims to decipher the underlying causal mechanisms between an exposure, an outcome, and intermediate variables called mediators. Initially developed for fixed-time mediator and outcome, it has been extended to the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-01-15 K. Le Bourdonnec , L. Valeri , C. Proust-Lima

Motivated by an analysis of causal mechanism from economic stress to entrepreneurial withdrawals through depressed affect, we develop a two-layer generalized varying coefficient mediation model. This model captures the bridging effects of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-12-06 Jingyuan Liu , Yujie Liao , Runze Li

Causal indirect and direct effects provide an interpretable method for decomposing the total effect of an exposure on an outcome into the effect through a mediator and the effect through all other pathways. When the mediator is a biomarker,…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-02 Ariel Chernofsky , Ronald J. Bosch , Judith J. Lok

A common concern when trying to draw causal inferences from observational data is that the measured covariates are insufficiently rich to account for all sources of confounding. In practice, many of the covariates may only be proxies of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-08-31 Oliver Dukes , Ilya Shpitser , Eric J. Tchetgen Tchetgen

Social and behavioral scientists are increasingly employing technologies such as fMRI, smartphones, and gene sequencing, which yield 'high-dimensional' datasets with more columns than rows. There is increasing interest, but little…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-10-11 Erik-Jan van Kesteren , Daniel L. Oberski

Many clinical questions involve estimating the effects of multiple treatments using observational data. When using longitudinal data, the interest is often in the effect of treatment strategies that involve sustaining treatment over time.…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-05-03 Emily Granger , Gwyneth Davies , Ruth H. Keogh

Mediation analysis has been widely used to investigate how a treatment influences an outcome through intermediate variables, known as mediators. Analyzing a mediation mechanism typically requires assessing multiple model parameters that…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-01 Hanying Jiang , Kris Sankaran , Yinqiu He