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Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are designed to detect gravitational waves with periods from several months to several years, e.g. those produced by by wide supermassive black-hole binaries in the centers of distant galaxies. Here we show that…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-14 Rutger van Haasteren , Yuri Levin

Gravitational waves are a radically new way to peer into the darkest depths of the cosmos. Pulsars can be used to make direct detections of gravitational waves through precision timing. When a gravitational wave passes between a pulsar and…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-05-28 Stephen R. Taylor

Nanohertz gravitational waves (GWs) from supermassive binary black holes (SMBBHs), detectable via pulsar timing arrays (PTAs), offer a novel avenue to constrain dark energy. Based on cosmological simulations and semi-analytic galaxy…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-03-10 Qing Yang , Gu-yue Zhang , Yi Huang , Xiao Guo

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are Galactic-scale gravitational wave (GW) detectors consisting of precisely-timed pulsars distributed across the sky. Within the decade, PTAs are expected to detect the nanohertz GWs emitted by close-separation…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-03-15 Tingting Liu , Tyler Cohen , Casey McGrath , Paul Demorest , Sarah Vigeland

Abbreviated: We investigate the potential of detecting the gravitational wave from individual binary black hole systems using pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) and calculate the accuracy for determining the GW properties. This is done in a…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-05-27 K. J. Lee , N. Wex , M. Kramer , B. W. Stappers , C. G. Bassa , G. H. Janssen , R. Karuppusamy , R. Smits

Gravitational waves (GWs) at ultra-low frequencies (${\lesssim 100\,\mathrm{nHz}}$) are key to understanding the assembly and evolution of astrophysical black hole (BH) binaries with masses $\sim 10^{6}-10^{9}\,M_\odot$ at low redshifts.…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2021-10-26 Christopher J. Moore , Alberto Vecchio

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are searching for nanohertz-frequency gravitational waves (GWs) through cross-correlation of pulse arrival times from a set of radio pulsars. PTAs have relied upon a frequency-shift formula of the pulse, where…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-07-03 Ryousuke Kubo , Kakeru Yamahira , Hideki Asada

The gravitational waves (GWs) from supermassive binary black holes (BBHs) are long sought by pulsar timing array experiments (PTAs), in the forms of both a stochastic GW background (GWB) and individual sources. The evidence for a GWB was…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-09-27 Yunfeng Chen , Qingjuan Yu , Youjun Lu

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are expected to detect gravitational waves (GWs) from individual low-redshift (z<1.5) compact supermassive (M>10^9 Msun) black hole (SMBH) binaries with orbital periods of approx. 0.1 - 10 yrs. Identifying the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-28 Takamitsu Tanaka , Kristen Menou , Zoltán Haiman

The past decade has been a transformative period for pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) and their search for nanohertz gravitational waves (GWs). This progress has been driven by collective advances in instrumentation for pulsar timing…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-02-17 Kuo Liu , Siyuan Chen

The detection of a stochastic gravitational-wave signal from the superposition of many inspiraling supermassive black holes with pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) is likely to occur within the next decade. With this detection will come the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-24 Laura Sampson , Neil J. Cornish , Sean T. McWilliams

Pulsar timing array (PTA) experiments are becoming increasingly sensitive to gravitational waves (GWs) in the nanohertz frequency range, where the main astrophysical sources are supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs), which are expected…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-11-24 Tingting Liu , Sarah J. Vigeland

Milli-second pulsars with highly stable periods can be considered as very precise clocks and can be used for pulsar timing array (PTA) which attempts to detect nanoheltz gravitational waves (GWs) directly. Main sources of nanoheltz GWs are…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-12-22 Tomonosuke Kikunaga , Shinnosuke Hisano , Hiroki Kumamoto , Keitaro Takahashi

Massive binary black holes (MBBHs) in nearby galactic centers, if any, may be nano-Hertz gravitational wave (GW) sources for pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) to detect. Normally the objective GWs for PTA experiments are approximated as plane…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-11-04 Xiao Guo , Youjun Lu , Qingjuan Yu

Several pulsar timing array (PTA) experiments such as NANOGrav and PPTA recently reported evidence of a gravitational wave (GW) background at nano-Hz frequency band. This signal can originate from scalar-induced gravitational waves (SIGW)…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-04-04 Junsong Cang , Yu Gao , Yiming Liu , Sichun Sun

Pulsar timing arrays (PTA) are a promising probe to the cosmologically novel nanohertz gravitational wave (GW) regime through the stochastic GW background. In this work, we consider subluminal GW modes as a possible source of correlations…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-05-26 Reginald Christian Bernardo , Kin-Wang Ng

The detection of compact binary mergers with sub-solar masses at gravitational-wave observatories could mark the groundbreaking discovery of primordial black holes (PBHs). Concurrently, evidence for a nHz stochastic gravitational wave…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-08-28 Yann Gouttenoire , Sokratis Trifinopoulos , Miguel Vanvlasselaer

Gravitational waves (GWs) are fluctuations in the fabric of spacetime predicted by Einstein's theory of general relativity. Using a collection of millisecond pulsars as high-precision clocks, the nanohertz band of this radiation is likely…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2019-08-13 P. Demorest , J. Lazio , A. Lommen

Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) observations hinted towards the existence of a stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) in the nHz frequency band. Still, the nature of the SGWB signal cannot be confidently inferred from current data, and…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-04-04 Stanislav Babak , Mikel Falxa , Gabriele Franciolini , Mauro Pieroni

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) provide a way to detect gravitational waves at nanohertz frequencies. In this band, the most likely signals are stochastic, with a power spectrum that rises steeply at lower frequencies. Indeed, the observation…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2023-06-02 Bruce Allen , Sanjeev Dhurandhar , Yashwant Gupta , Maura McLaughlin , Priyamvada Natarajan , Ryan M. Shannon , Eric Thrane , Alberto Vecchio