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Question-answering handwritten documents is a challenging task with numerous real-world applications. This paper proposes a novel recognition-based approach that improves upon the previous state-of-the-art on the HW-SQuAD and BenthamQA…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Aniket Pal , Ajoy Mondal , C. V. Jawahar

Deep language models learning a hierarchical representation proved to be a powerful tool for natural language processing, text mining and information retrieval. However, representations that perform well for retrieval must capture semantic…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-05-24 Tolgahan Cakaloglu , Xiaowei Xu

Despite their sophisticated capabilities, large language models (LLMs) encounter a major hurdle in effective assessment. This paper first revisits the prevalent evaluation method-multiple choice question answering (MCQA), which allows for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Fangyun Wei , Xi Chen , Lin Luo

We introduce DeepSearchQA, a 900-prompt benchmark for evaluating agents on difficult multi-step information-seeking tasks across 17 different fields. Unlike traditional benchmarks that target single answer retrieval or broad-spectrum…

Textbook question answering (TQA) is a complex task, requiring the interpretation of complex multimodal context. Although recent advances have improved overall performance, they often encounter difficulties in educational settings where…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Hessa Alawwad , Usman Naseem , Areej Alhothali , Ali Alkhathlan , Amani Jamal

Systematic benchmark evaluation plays an important role in the process of improving technologies for Question Answering (QA) systems. While currently there are a number of existing evaluation methods for natural language (NL) QA systems,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-21 Takuto Asakura , Jin-Dong Kim , Yasunori Yamamoto , Yuka Tateisi , Toshihisa Takagi

Generative models for open domain question answering have proven to be competitive, without resorting to external knowledge. While promising, this approach requires to use models with billions of parameters, which are expensive to train and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-04 Gautier Izacard , Edouard Grave

Long-form question answering (LFQA) aims at generating in-depth answers to end-user questions, providing relevant information beyond the direct answer. However, existing retrievers are typically optimized towards information that directly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Philipp Christmann , Svitlana Vakulenko , Ionut Teodor Sorodoc , Bill Byrne , Adrià de Gispert

On the way towards general Visual Question Answering (VQA) systems that are able to answer arbitrary questions, the need arises for evaluation beyond single-metric leaderboards for specific datasets. To this end, we propose a browser-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Dirk Väth , Pascal Tilli , Ngoc Thang Vu

Question answering over knowledge bases (KBQA) has become a popular approach to help users extract information from knowledge bases. Although several systems exist, choosing one suitable for a particular application scenario is difficult.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Khiem Vinh Tran , Hao Phu Phan , Khang Nguyen Duc Quach , Ngan Luu-Thuy Nguyen , Jun Jo , Thanh Tam Nguyen

A lot of progress has been made to improve question answering (QA) in recent years, but the special problem of QA over narrative book stories has not been explored in-depth. We formulate BookQA as an open-domain QA task given its similar…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Xiangyang Mou , Mo Yu , Bingsheng Yao , Chenghao Yang , Xiaoxiao Guo , Saloni Potdar , Hui Su

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a cornerstone of modern question answering (QA) systems, enabling grounded answers based on external knowledge. Although recent progress has been driven by open-domain datasets, enterprise QA systems…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Dvir Cohen , Lin Burg , Sviatoslav Pykhnivskyi , Hagit Gur , Stanislav Kovynov , Olga Atzmon , Gilad Barkan

Understanding and reasoning about entire software repositories is an essential capability for intelligent software engineering tools. While existing benchmarks such as CoSQA and CodeQA have advanced the field, they predominantly focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Weihan Peng , Yuling Shi , Yuhang Wang , Xinyun Zhang , Beijun Shen , Xiaodong Gu

We propose a new paradigm to help Large Language Models (LLMs) generate more accurate factual knowledge without retrieving from an external corpus, called RECITation-augmented gEneration (RECITE). Different from retrieval-augmented language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-17 Zhiqing Sun , Xuezhi Wang , Yi Tay , Yiming Yang , Denny Zhou

Developing agents capable of navigating fragmented, multi-source information remains challenging, primarily due to the scarcity of benchmarks reflecting hybrid workflows combining database querying with external APIs. To bridge this gap, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yindong Zhang , Wenmian Yang , Yiquan Zhang , Weijia Jia

Question answering (QA) extracting answers from text to the given question in natural language, has been actively studied and existing models have shown a promise of outperforming human performance when trained and evaluated with SQuAD…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-12-04 Gyeongbok Lee , Sungdong Kim , Seung-won Hwang

State-of-the-art Machine Reading Comprehension (MRC) models for Open-domain Question Answering (QA) are typically trained for span selection using distantly supervised positive examples and heuristically retrieved negative examples. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-22 Srinivasan Iyer , Sewon Min , Yashar Mehdad , Wen-tau Yih

Evaluating Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) in large language models (LLMs) is challenging because benchmarks can quickly become stale. Questions initially requiring retrieval may become answerable from pretraining knowledge as newer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Max Glockner , Xiang Jiang , Leonardo F. R. Ribeiro , Iryna Gurevych , Markus Dreyer

Question Answering (QA) systems have traditionally relied on structured text data, but the rapid growth of multimedia content (images, audio, video, and structured metadata) has introduced new challenges and opportunities for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Rahul Raja , Arpita Vats

Large Language Models (LLMs) perform well on standard reasoning and question-answering benchmarks, yet such evaluations often fail to capture their ability to handle long-tail, expertise-intensive knowledge in real-world professional…