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A popular recent approach to answering open-domain questions is to first search for question-related passages and then apply reading comprehension models to extract answers. Existing methods usually extract answers from single passages…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-04-27 Shuohang Wang , Mo Yu , Jing Jiang , Wei Zhang , Xiaoxiao Guo , Shiyu Chang , Zhiguo Wang , Tim Klinger , Gerald Tesauro , Murray Campbell

We present SimpleQA, a benchmark that evaluates the ability of language models to answer short, fact-seeking questions. We prioritized two properties in designing this eval. First, SimpleQA is challenging, as it is adversarially collected…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Jason Wei , Nguyen Karina , Hyung Won Chung , Yunxin Joy Jiao , Spencer Papay , Amelia Glaese , John Schulman , William Fedus

State-of-the-art extractive question-answering models achieve superhuman performances on the SQuAD benchmark. Yet, they are unreasonably heavy and need expensive GPU computing to answer questions in a reasonable time. Thus, they cannot be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Sofian Chaybouti , Achraf Saghe , Aymen Shabou

Systems for knowledge-intensive tasks such as open-domain question answering (QA) usually consist of two stages: efficient retrieval of relevant documents from a large corpus and detailed reading of the selected documents to generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Zhengbao Jiang , Luyu Gao , Jun Araki , Haibo Ding , Zhiruo Wang , Jamie Callan , Graham Neubig

Most existing end-to-end Table Question Answering (Table QA) models consist of a two-stage framework with a retriever to select relevant table candidates from a corpus and a reader to locate the correct answers from table candidates. Even…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-01 Feifei Pan , Mustafa Canim , Michael Glass , Alfio Gliozzo , James Hendler

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has rapidly advanced the language model field, particularly in question-answering (QA) systems. By integrating external documents during the response generation phase, RAG significantly enhances the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Xinyue Chen , Pengyu Gao , Jiangjiang Song , Xiaoyang Tan

\Ac{LFQA} aims to generate lengthy answers to complex questions. This scenario presents great flexibility as well as significant challenges for evaluation. Most evaluations rely on deterministic metrics that depend on string or n-gram…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Ning Xian , Yixing Fan , Ruqing Zhang , Maarten de Rijke , Jiafeng Guo

Recent advances have been improving the context windows of Large Language Models (LLMs). To quantify the real long-context capabilities of LLMs, evaluators such as the popular Needle in a Haystack have been developed to test LLMs over a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Jiawei Liu , Jia Le Tian , Vijay Daita , Yuxiang Wei , Yifeng Ding , Yuhan Katherine Wang , Jun Yang , Lingming Zhang

Long-form question answering (LFQA) poses a challenge as it involves generating detailed answers in the form of paragraphs, which go beyond simple yes/no responses or short factual answers. While existing QA models excel in questions with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Pritom Saha Akash , Kashob Kumar Roy , Lucian Popa , Kevin Chen-Chuan Chang

Question answering (QA) models have shown rapid progress enabled by the availability of large, high-quality benchmark datasets. Such annotated datasets are difficult and costly to collect, and rarely exist in languages other than English,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Patrick Lewis , Barlas Oğuz , Ruty Rinott , Sebastian Riedel , Holger Schwenk

In this paper, we investigate which questions are challenging for retrieval-based Question Answering (QA). We (i) propose retrieval complexity (RC), a novel metric conditioned on the completeness of retrieved documents, which measures the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Matteo Gabburo , Nicolaas Paul Jedema , Siddhant Garg , Leonardo F. R. Ribeiro , Alessandro Moschitti

Textbook Question Answering (TQA) is a task that one should answer a diagram/non-diagram question given a large multi-modal context consisting of abundant essays and diagrams. We argue that the explainability of this task should place…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Jie Ma , Qi Chai , Jun Liu , Qingyu Yin , Pinghui Wang , Qinghua Zheng

Large Language Models (LLMs) are trained on vast amounts of data, most of which is automatically scraped from the internet. This data includes encyclopedic documents that harbor a vast amount of general knowledge (e.g., Wikipedia) but also…

How retrieved documents are used in language models (LMs) for long-form generation task is understudied. We present two controlled studies on retrieval-augmented LM for long-form question answering (LFQA): one fixing the LM and varying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Hung-Ting Chen , Fangyuan Xu , Shane Arora , Eunsol Choi

We apply a general recurrent neural network (RNN) encoder framework to community question answering (cQA) tasks. Our approach does not rely on any linguistic processing, and can be applied to different languages or domains. Further…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-03-24 Wei-Ning Hsu , Yu Zhang , James Glass

Conversational Question Answering (CQA) aims to answer questions contained within dialogues, which are not easily interpretable without context. Developing a model to rewrite conversational questions into self-contained ones is an emerging…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Zhiyu Chen , Jie Zhao , Anjie Fang , Besnik Fetahu , Oleg Rokhlenko , Shervin Malmasi

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has emerged to address the knowledge-intensive visual question answering (VQA) task. Current methods mainly employ separate retrieval and generation modules to acquire external knowledge and generate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Xinwei Long , Zhiyuan Ma , Ermo Hua , Kaiyan Zhang , Biqing Qi , Bowen Zhou

The Retrieval Question Answering (ReQA) task employs the retrieval-augmented framework, composed of a retriever and generator. The generator formulates the answer based on the documents retrieved by the retriever. Incorporating Large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Haoyan Yang , Zhitao Li , Yong Zhang , Jianzong Wang , Ning Cheng , Ming Li , Jing Xiao

Conversational question answering (QA) requires the ability to correctly interpret a question in the context of previous conversation turns. We address the conversational QA task by decomposing it into question rewriting and question…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Svitlana Vakulenko , Shayne Longpre , Zhucheng Tu , Raviteja Anantha

Textbook question answering (TQA) is a challenging task in artificial intelligence due to the complex nature of context needed to answer complex questions. Although previous research has improved the task, there are still some limitations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Hessa Abdulrahman Alawwad , Areej Alhothali , Usman Naseem , Ali Alkhathlan , Amani Jamal