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This paper proposes a novel reserve-minimizing and allocation strategy for virtual power plants (VPPs) to deliver optimal frequency support. The proposed strategy enables VPPs, acting as aggregators for inverter-based resources (IBRs), to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-11 Xiang Zhu , Guangchun Ruan , Hua Geng

This paper studies the frequency response using PV. Multiple control strategies are considered and simulated in the high PV ERCOT model, including inertia control, synthetic governor control, and AGC control. The impact of different…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-02-01 Shutang You

Because energy storage systems have better ramping characteristics than traditional generators, their participation in frequency regulation should facilitate the balancing of load and generation. However, they cannot sustain their output…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-02-20 Bolun Xu , Yury Dvorkin , Daniel S. Kirschen , C. A. Silva-Monroy , Jean-Paul Watson

Nowadays, power system inertia is changing as a consequence of replacing conventional units by renewable energy sources, mainly wind and PV power plants. This fact affects significantly the grid frequency response under power imbalances. As…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-06 A. Fernández-Guillamón , A. Vigueras-Rodríguez , A. Molina-García

To ensure adequate and economic reserve for primary frequency response in the current and future power system, this paper proposes real-time frequency response reserve (FRR) requirement based on system inertia. This minimum FRR will help…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-01-15 Shutang You

The decarbonization of many heavy power-consuming industries is dependent on the integration of renewable energy sources and energy storage systems in isolated autonomous power systems. The optimal energy management in such schemes becomes…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-08-19 Spyridon Chapaloglou , Erick Alves , Vincenzo Trovato , Elisabetta Tedeschi

Increasing the inertia is widely considered to be the solution to resolving unstable interactions between coupled oscillators. In power grids, Virtual Synchronous Generators (VSGs) are proposed to compensate the reducing inertia as rotating…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-31 Gurupraanesh Raman , Gururaghav Raman , Jimmy Chih-Hsien Peng

The increasing integration of renewable energy resources into power grids has led to time-varying system inertia and consequent degradation in frequency dynamics. A promising solution to alleviate performance degradation is using power…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-29 Jie Feng , Wenqi Cui , Jorge Cortés , Yuanyuan Shi

Frequency control reserves are an essential ancillary service in any electric power system, guaranteeing that generation and demand of active power are balanced at all times. Traditionally, conventional power plants are used for frequency…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2013-12-24 Theodor Borsche , Andreas Ulbig , Göran Andersson

The large-scale integration of renewable generation directly affects the reliability of power grids. We investigate the problem of power balancing in a general renewable-integrated power grid with storage and flexible loads. We consider a…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-06-06 Sun Sun , Min Dong , Ben Liang

The growing electricity demand of AI data centers introduces significant voltage variability in power networks, affecting not only their own operation but also the experience of all users sharing the network. To smooth data center impacts…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Yanyong Mao , Johanna L. Mathieu , Vladimir Dvorkin

The rapid growth of renewable energy sources has significantly reduced system inertia and increased the need for fast frequency response (FFR) in modern power systems. Data centers, as large and flexible electrical consumers, hold great…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-17 Xiaojie Tao , Rajit Gadh

The rapid integration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) into power systems has identified frequency security challenges due to reduced inertia and increased load volatility. This paper proposes a robust power reserve decision-making…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-16 Xiang Zhu , Hua Geng , Hongyang Qing , Guangchun , Ruan , Xiuqiang He

Low-carbon societies will need to store vast amounts of electricity to balance intermittent generation from wind and solar energy, for example, through frequency regulation. Here, we derive an analytical solution to the decision-making…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-27 Dirk Lauinger , François Vuille , Daniel Kuhn

The increasing reliance on renewable energy generation means that storage may well play a much greater role in the balancing of future electricity systems. We show how heterogeneous stores, differing in capacity and rate constraints, may be…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-06-14 Stan Zachary , Simon Tindemans , Michael Evans , James Cruise , David Angeli

Energy storage devices, such as batteries, thermal energy storages, and hydrogen systems, can help mitigate climate change by ensuring a more stable and sustainable power supply. To maximize the effectiveness of such energy storage,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Jaeik Jeong , Tai-Yeon Ku , Wan-Ki Park

Renewable energy brings huge uncertainties to the power system, which challenges the traditional power system operation with limited flexible resources. One promising solution is to introduce dynamic pricing to more consumers, which, if…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-11-19 Jiaman Wu , Zhiqi Wang , Yang Yu , Chenye Wu

The integration of synchronous generators and energy storage systems operated through communication networks introduces new challenges and vulnerabilities to the electric grid, where cyber attacks can corrupt sensor measurements or control…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-26 Jairo Giraldo , Masood Parvania

A major transition in the operation of electric power grids is the replacement of synchronous machines by distributed generation connected via power electronic converters. The accompanying "loss of rotational inertia" and the fluctuations…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-01-15 Bala Kameshwar Poolla , Saverio Bolognani , Florian Dorfler

As renewable resources gradually replace conventional generation based synchronous machines, the dynamics of the modern grid changes significantly and the system synchronous inertia decreases substantially. This transformation poses severe…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-09 Mingjian Tuo , Xingpeng Li