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Despite the pervasiveness of Internet censorship, we have scant data on its extent, mechanisms, and evolution. Measuring censorship is challenging: it requires continual measurement of reachability to many target sites from diverse vantage…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2015-07-21 Sam Burnett , Nick Feamster

Active Internet measurements face challenges when some measurements require many remote vantage points. In this paper, we propose a novel technique for measuring remote IPv6 networks via side channels in ICMP rate limiting, a required…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Long Pan , Jiahai Yang , Lin He , Zhiliang Wang , Leyao Nie , Guanglei Song , Yaozhong Liu

Over the past decade, Internet centralization and its implications for both people and the resilience of the Internet has become a topic of active debate. While the networking community informally agrees on the definition of centralization,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Gautam Akiwate , Kimberly Ruth , Rumaisa Habib , Zakir Durumeric

Websites employ third-party ads and tracking services leveraging cookies and JavaScript code, to deliver ads and track users' behavior, causing privacy concerns. To limit online tracking and block advertisements, several ad-blocking (black)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-06-04 Saad Sajid Hashmi , Muhammad Ikram , Mohamed Ali Kaafar

Users around the world face escalating network interference such as censorship, throttling, and interception, largely driven by the commoditization and growing availability of Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) devices. Once reserved for a few…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Diwen Xue , Armin Huremagic , Wayne Wang , Ram Sundara Raman , Roya Ensafi

To protect themselves from attacks, networks need to enforce ingress filtering, i.e., block inbound packets sent from spoofed IP addresses. Although this is a widely known best practice, it is still not clear how many networks do not block…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Tianxiang Dai , Haya Shulman

Tor and I2P are well-known anonymity networks used by many individuals to protect their online privacy and anonymity. Tor's centralized directory services facilitate the understanding of the Tor network, as well as the measurement and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-09-27 Nguyen Phong Hoang , Panagiotis Kintis , Manos Antonakakis , Michalis Polychronakis

We describe a method for remotely detecting intentional packet drops on the Internet via side channel inferences. That is, given two arbitrary IP addresses on the Internet that meet some simple requirements, our proposed technique can…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2013-12-20 Roya Ensafi , Jeffrey Knockel , Geoffrey Alexander , Jedidiah R. Crandall

Heightened interest from nation states to perform content censorship make it evermore critical to identify the impact of censorship efforts on the Internet. We undertake a study of Internet architecture, capturing the state of Internet…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Joshua Levett , Vassilios Vassilakis , Poonam Yadav

A nation-scale firewall, colloquially referred to as the "Great Firewall of China," implements many different types of censorship and content filtering to control China's Internet traffic. Past work has shown that the firewall occasionally…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2014-10-06 Roya Ensafi , Philipp Winter , Abdullah Mueen , Jedidiah R. Crandall

To protect users' privacy, legislators have regulated the usage of tracking technologies, mandating the acquisition of users' consent before collecting data. Consequently, websites started showing more and more consent management modules --…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Nikhil Jha , Martino Trevisan , Luca Vassio , Marco Mellia

Online tracking has become of increasing concern in recent years, however our understanding of its extent to date has been limited to snapshots from web crawls. Previous at-tempts to measure the tracking ecosystem, have been done using…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Arjaldo Karaj , Sam Macbeth , Rémi Berson , Josep M. Pujol

Undoubtedly, the Internet has become one of the most important conduits to information for the general public. Nonetheless, Internet access can be and has been limited systematically or blocked completely during political events in numerous…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Yong Zhang , Nishanth Sastry

Internet censorship has been implemented in several countries to prevent citizens from accessing information and to suppress discussion of specific topics. This paper presents Infnote, a platform that helps eliminate the problem of sharing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-02-12 Haoqian Zhang , Yancheng Zhao , Abhishek Paryani , Ke Yi

Internet censorship and global Internet reachability are prevalent topics of today's Internet. Nonetheless, the impact of network topology and Internet architecture to these aspects of the Internet is under-explored. With the goal of…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Marina Ivanović , François Wirz , Jordi Subirà Nieto , Adrian Perrig

DNS manipulation is an increasingly common technique used by censors and other network adversaries to prevent users from accessing restricted Internet resources and hijack their connections. Prior work in detecting DNS manipulation relies…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Elisa Tsai , Deepak Kumar , Ram Sundara Raman , Gavin Li , Yael Eiger , Roya Ensafi

Various methods have been proposed for creating and maintaining lists of potentially filtered URLs to allow for measurement of ongoing internet censorship around the world. Whilst testing a known resource for evidence of filtering can be…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2017-04-25 Alexander Darer , Oliver Farnan , Joss Wright

Online Radicalization (also called Cyber-Terrorism or Extremism or Cyber-Racism or Cyber- Hate) is widespread and has become a major and growing concern to the society, governments and law enforcement agencies around the world. Research…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2013-01-22 Denzil Correa , Ashish Sureka

Internet censorship is enforced by numerous governments worldwide, however, due to the lack of publicly available information, as well as the inherent risks of performing active measurements, it is often hard for the research community to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2014-11-06 Abdelberi Chaabane , Terence Chen , Mathieu Cunche , Emiliano De Cristofaro , Arik Friedman , Mohamed Ali Kaafar

We develop a means to detect ongoing per-country anomalies in the daily usage metrics of the Tor anonymous communication network, and demonstrate the applicability of this technique to identifying likely periods of internet censorship and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-04-13 Joss Wright , Alexander Darer , Oliver Farnan