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The notion of a braided chord diagram is introduced and studied. An equivalence relation is given which identifies all braidings of a fixed chord diagram. It is shown that finite-type invariants are stratified by braid index for knots which…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Joan S. Birman , Rolland Trapp

The combinatorial approach to knot theory treats knots as diagrams modulo Reidemeister moves. Many constructions of knot invariants (e.g., index polynomials, quandle colorings, etc.) use elements of diagrams such as arcs and crossings by…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2025-04-29 Igor Nikonov

In this article, we define an independence system for a classical knot diagram and prove that the independence system is a knot invariant for alternating knots. We also discuss the exchange property for minimal unknotting sets. Finally, we…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2019-03-05 Usman Ali , Iffat Fida Hussain

To a finite type knot invariant, a weight system can be associated, which is a function on chord diagrams satisfying so-called $4$-term relations. In the opposite direction, each weight system determines a finite type knot invariant. In…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-04-05 Zhuoke Yang

Many polynomial invariants are defined on graphs for encoding the combinatorial information and researching them algebraically. In this paper, we introduce the cycle polynomial and the path polynomial of directed graphs for counting cycles…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2017-12-05 Xiangying Chen

A weight system is a function on chord diagrams that satisfies the so-called four-term relations. Vassiliev's theory of finite-order knot invariants describes these invariants in terms of weight systems. In particular, there is a weight…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2021-03-16 P. Filippova

Gross, Mansour, and Tucker [European J. Combin., 95 (2021): 103329] introduced the \emph{partial Petrial polynomial} of a ribbon graph $G$, denoted by $^{\partial}{\varepsilon^{\times}_{G}}(z)$. Beck and Mellor proved, in both orientable…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-04-27 Xiaoxiang Yu , Rong-Xia Hao , Jianbing Liu , Zhiguo Li

We provide recipe theorems for the Bollob\`as and Riordan polynomial $\mathcal{R}$ defined on classes of ribbon graphs with half-edges introduced in arXiv:1310.3708[math.GT]. We also define a generalized transition polynomial $Q$ on this…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-10-28 Remi C. Avohou , Joseph Ben Geloun , Mahouton N. Hounkonnou

Let $K\subset S^3$ be a knot, $X:= S^3\setminus K$ its complement, and $\mathbb{T}$ the circle group identified with $\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z}$. To any oriented long knot diagram of $K$, we associate a quadratic polynomial in variables…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2017-04-25 Rinat Kashaev

From the work of X. S. Lin and Z. Wang, it follows that degree two knot invariant admits a decomposition into the sum of a Gauss diagram count and a term involving Arnold invariants. In this paper we establish an analogous description for…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2025-10-07 Ryosuke Hirata

The number of homomorphisms from a finite graph $F$ to the complete graph $K_n$ is the evaluation of the chromatic polynomial of $F$ at $n$. Suitably scaled, this is the Tutte polynomial evaluation $T(F;1-n,0)$ and an invariant of the cycle…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-02-25 Andrew Goodall , Guus Regts , Lluis Vena

Recently, Chmutov proved that the partial-dual polynomial considered as a function on chord diagrams satisfies the four-term relations. In this paper, we show that this function on framed chord diagrams also satisfies the four-term…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-08-07 Qingying Deng , Fengming Dong , Xian'an Jin , Qi Yan

Given any unoriented link diagram, a group of new knot invariants are constructed. Each of them satisfies a generalized 4 term skein relation. The coefficients of each invariant is from a commutative ring. Homomorphisms and representations…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2010-04-14 Zhiqing Yang , Jifu Xiao

We present a topological interpretation of knot and braid contact homology in degree zero, in terms of cords and skein relations. This interpretation allows us to extend the knot invariant to embedded graphs and higher-dimensional knots. We…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2014-11-11 Lenhard Ng

The altenating knots, links and twists projected on the S_2 sphere are identified with the phase Space of a Hamiltonian dynamic system of one degree of freedom. The saddles of the system correspond to the crossing points, the edges, to the…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Eduardo Pina

We study the crossing matrix of a braid and introduce a polynomial invariant for braid systems that is invariant under Hurwitz equivalence. As an application to the study of surface braids and surface links, we also define an invariant that…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2026-01-06 Ayaka Shimizu , Yoshiro Yaguchi

The Tutte polynomial is a well-studied invariant of graphs and matroids. We first extend the Tutte polynomial from graphs to hypergraphs, and more generally from matroids to polymatroids, as a two-variable polynomial. Our definition is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-07-23 Olivier Bernardi , Tamas Kalman , Alex Postnikov

We present a category theoretical generalization of the Goussarov theorem for finite type invariants, relating generating sets for generalized finite type theories with diagrams systems for the corresponding topological objects. We will…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2023-07-18 Cole Hugelmeyer

In previous work, we defined the intersection graph of a chord diagram associated with a string link (as in the theory of finite type invariants). In this paper, we look at the case when this graph is a tree, and we show that in many cases…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2009-01-10 Blake Mellor

We introduce a universal weight system (a function on chord diagrams satisfying the $4$-term relation) taking values in the ring of polynomials in infinitely many variables whose particular specializations are weight systems associated with…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-11-19 Maxim Kazarian , Zhuoke Yang