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Signed graphs are graphs whose edges get a sign $+1$ or $-1$ (the signature). Signed graphs can be studied by means of graph matrices extended to signed graphs in a natural way. Recently, the spectra of signed graphs have attracted much…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-07-11 Francesco Belardo , Sebastian M. Cioabă , Jack H. Koolen , Jianfeng Wang

An \emph{s-graph} is a graph with two kinds of edges: \emph{subdivisible} edges and \emph{real} edges. A \emph{realisation} of an s-graph $B$ is any graph obtained by subdividing subdivisible edges of $B$ into paths of arbitrary length (at…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2013-09-05 Benjamin Lévêque , David Y. Lin , Frédéric Maffray , Nicolas Trotignon

Homomorphically full graphs are those for which every homomorphic image is isomorphic to a subgraph. We extend the definition of homomorphically full to oriented graphs in two different ways. For the first of these, we show that…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Thomas Bellitto , Christopher Duffy , Gary MacGillivray

A signed graph is one that features two types of edges: positive and negative. Balanced signed graphs are those in which all cycles contain an even number of positive edges. In the adjacency matrix of a signed graph, entries can be $0$,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-08-15 Cristian M. Conde , Ezequiel Dratman , Luciano N. Grippo

In this paper we are interested in the fine-grained complexity of deciding whether there is a homomorphism from an input graph $G$ to a fixed graph $H$ (the $H$-Coloring problem). The starting point is that these problems can be viewed as…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Ambroise Baril , Miguel Couceiro , Victor Lagerkvist

The spectra of signed matrices have played a fundamental role in social sciences, graph theory, and control theory. In this work, we investigate the computational problems of identifying symmetric signings of matrices with natural spectral…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2017-07-25 Charles Carlson , Karthekeyan Chandrasekaran , Hsien-Chih Chang , Alexandra Kolla

Motivated by a relaxed notion of the celebrated Hamiltonian cycle, this paper investigates its variant, parity Hamiltonian cycle (PHC): A PHC of a graph is a closed walk which visits every vertex an odd number of times, where we remark that…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2016-07-11 Hiroshi Nishiyama , Yusuke Kobayashi , Yukiko Yamauchi , Shuji Kijima , Masafumi Yamashita

A \emph{signed graph} $(G, \sigma)$ is a graph $G$ together with an assignment $\sigma:E(G) \rightarrow \{+,-\}$. The notion of homomorphisms of signed graphs is a relatively new development which allows to strengthen the connection between…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-09-25 Florent Foucaud , Reza Naserasr , Rongxing Xu

Ordered matchings, defined as graphs with linearly ordered vertices, where each vertex is connected to exactly one edge, play a crucial role in the area of ordered graphs and their homomorphisms. Therefore, we consider related problems from…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Michal Čertík , Andreas Emil Feldmann , Jaroslav Nešetřil , Paweł Rzążewski

Signed graphs, which are characterized by both positive and negative edge weights, have recently attracted significant attention in the field of graph signal processing (GSP). Existing works on signed graph learning typically assume that…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-12 Rong Ye , Xue-Qin Jiang , Hui Feng , Jian Wang , Runhe Qiu

Testing if a given graph $G$ contains the $k$-vertex path $P_k$ as a minor or as an induced minor is trivial for every fixed integer $k\geq 1$. However, the situation changes for the problem of checking if a graph can be modified into $P_k$…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2017-06-13 Konrad K. Dabrowski , Daniël Paulusma

We introduce and study the $\textit{OrthoSEFE}-k$ problem: Given $k$ planar graphs each with maximum degree 4 and the same vertex set, do they admit an OrthoSEFE, that is, is there an assignment of the vertices to grid points and of the…

The CSP dichotomy conjecture has been recently established, but a number of other dichotomy questions remain open, including the dichotomy classification of list homomorphism problems for signed graphs. Signed graphs arise naturally in many…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-03-06 Jan Bok , Richard Brewster , Pavol Hell , Nikola Jedličková , Arash Rafiey

A signed graph has edge weights drawn from the set $\{+1,-1\}$, and is termed sign-balanced if it is equivalent to an unsigned graph under the operation of sign switching; otherwise it is called sign-unbalanced. A nut graph has a one…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-01-01 Nino Bašić , Patrick W. Fowler , Tomaž Pisanski , Irene Sciriha

We consider the following problem for a fixed graph H: given a graph G and two H-colorings of G, i.e. homomorphisms from G to H, can one be transformed (reconfigured) into the other by changing one color at a time, maintaining an H-coloring…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2017-03-28 Marcin Wrochna

A homomorphism from a graph $G$ to a graph $H$ is an edge-preserving mapping from $V(G)$ to $V(H)$. Let $H$ be a fixed graph with possible loops. In the list homomorphism problem, denoted by LHom($H$), we are given a graph $G$, whose every…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-09-23 Karolina Okrasa , Marta Piecyk , Paweł Rzążewski

Deciding whether a graph can be embedded in a grid using only unit-length edges is NP-complete, even when restricted to binary trees. However, it is not difficult to devise a number of graph classes for which the problem is polynomial, even…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2012-04-13 Vinícius G. P. de Sá , Guilherme D. da Fonseca , Raphael Machado , Celina M. H. de Figueiredo

A signed bipartite (simple) graph $(G, \sigma)$ is said to be $C_{-4}$-critical if it admits no homomorphism to $C_{-4}$ (a negative 4-cycle) but every proper subgraph of it does. In this work, first of all we show that the notion of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-11-23 Reza Naserasr , Lan Anh Pham , Zhouningxin Wang

A full-homomorphism between a pair of graphs is a vertex mapping that preserves adjacencies and non-adjacencies. For a fixed graph $H$, a full $H$-colouring is a full-homomorphism of $G$ to $H$. A minimal $H$-obstruction is a graph that…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-09-18 Santiago Guzmán-Pro

We consider constrained variants of graph homomorphisms such as embeddings, monomorphisms, full homomorphisms, surjective homomorpshims, and locally constrained homomorphisms. We also introduce a new variation on this theme which derives…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-04-23 Yangjing Long