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We consider the convex bilevel optimization problem, also known as simple bilevel programming. There are two challenges in solving convex bilevel optimization problems. Firstly, strong duality is not guaranteed due to the lack of Slater…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-29 Khanh-Hung Giang-Tran , Nam Ho-Nguyen , Fatma Kılınç-Karzan , Lingqing Shen

We consider rather a general class of multi-level optimization problems, where a convex objective function is to be minimized subject to constraints of optimality of nested convex optimization problems. As a special case, we consider a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-04-30 Allahkaram Shafiei , Vyacheslav Kungurtsev , Jakub Marecek

Bilevel optimization is a fundamental tool in hierarchical decision-making and has been widely applied to machine learning tasks such as hyperparameter tuning, meta-learning, and continual learning. While significant progress has been made…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-04-25 Nazanin Abolfazli , Sina Sharifi , Mahyar Fazlyab , Erfan Yazdandoost Hamedani

Bilevel optimization (BLO) problem, where two optimization problems (referred to as upper- and lower-level problems) are coupled hierarchically, has wide applications in areas such as machine learning and operations research. Recently, many…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-05-19 Xiaotian Jiang , Ioannis Tsaknakis , Prashant Khanduri , Mingyi Hong

Bilevel optimization reveals the inner structure of otherwise oblique optimization problems, such as hyperparameter tuning, neural architecture search, and meta-learning. A common goal in bilevel optimization is to minimize a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-29 Lesi Chen , Jing Xu , Jingzhao Zhang

Single-objective bilevel optimization is a specialized form of constraint optimization problems where one of the constraints is an optimization problem itself. These problems are typically non-convex and strongly NP-Hard. Recently, there…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Anuraganand Sharma

Many large-scale constrained optimization problems can be formulated as bilevel distributed optimization tasks over undirected networks, where agents collaborate to minimize a global cost function while adhering to constraints, relying only…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-25 Ajay Tak , Mayank Baranwal

Bilevel programs are optimization problems where some variables are solutions to optimization problems themselves, and they arise in a variety of control applications, including: control of vehicle traffic networks, inverse reinforcement…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-09-27 Aurélien Ouattara , Anil Aswani

Bi-level optimization, especially the gradient-based category, has been widely used in the deep learning community including hyperparameter optimization and meta-knowledge extraction. Bi-level optimization embeds one problem within another…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Can Chen , Xi Chen , Chen Ma , Zixuan Liu , Xue Liu

Motivated by emerging applications in wireless sensor networks and large-scale data processing, we consider distributed optimization over directed networks where the agents communicate their information locally to their neighbors to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-03-22 Farzad Yousefian

In this paper we study convex bi-level optimization problems for which the inner level consists of minimization of the sum of smooth and nonsmooth functions. The outer level aims at minimizing a smooth and strongly convex function over the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-02-15 Shoham Sabach , Shimrit Shtern

This paper reviews gradient-based techniques to solve bilevel optimization problems. Bilevel optimization is a general way to frame the learning of systems that are implicitly defined through a quantity that they minimize. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Nicolas Zucchet , João Sacramento

Bilevel optimization is defined as a mathematical program, where an optimization problem contains another optimization problem as a constraint. These problems have received significant attention from the mathematical programming community.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-12-08 Ankur Sinha , Pekka Malo , Kalyanmoy Deb

Multi-task learning solves multiple correlated tasks. However, conflicts may exist between them. In such circumstances, a single solution can rarely optimize all the tasks, leading to performance trade-offs. To arrive at a set of optimized…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Lu Bai , Abhishek Gupta , Yew-Soon Ong

This paper studies a class of simple bilevel optimization problems where we minimize a composite convex function at the upper-level subject to a composite convex lower-level problem. Existing methods either provide asymptotic guarantees for…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-06 Jiulin Wang , Xu Shi , Rujun Jiang

Bilevel optimization formulates hierarchical decision-making processes that arise in many real-world applications such as in pricing, network design, and infrastructure defense planning. In this paper, we consider a class of bilevel…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-04-20 Geunyeong Byeon , Pascal Van Hentenryck

Multilevel optimization has gained renewed interest in machine learning due to its promise in applications such as hyperparameter tuning and continual learning. However, existing methods struggle with the inherent difficulty of efficiently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Yuntian Gu , Xuzheng Chen

In this paper, we consider bilevel optimization problem where the lower-level has coupled constraints, i.e. the constraints depend both on the upper- and lower-level variables. In particular, we consider two settings for the lower-level…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-03-14 Xiaotian Jiang , Jiaxiang Li , Mingyi Hong , Shuzhong Zhang

Bilevel optimization recently has attracted increased interest in machine learning due to its many applications such as hyper-parameter optimization and meta learning. Although many bilevel methods recently have been proposed, these methods…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-02-21 Feihu Huang , Junyi Li , Shangqian Gao

Bilevel optimization has gained significant attention in recent years due to its broad applications in machine learning. This paper focuses on bilevel optimization in decentralized networks and proposes a novel single-loop algorithm for…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-04-24 Youran Dong , Shiqian Ma , Junfeng Yang , Chao Yin