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Continuous, adaptive learning, the ability to adapt to the environment and keep improving performance, is a hallmark of natural intelligence. Biological organisms excel in acquiring, transferring, and retaining knowledge while adapting to…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-03-03 Jie Mei , Alejandro Rodriguez-Garcia , Daigo Takeuchi , Gabriel Wainstein , Nina Hubig , Yalda Mohsenzadeh , Srikanth Ramaswamy

Continual learning-the ability to learn many tasks in sequence-is critical for artificial learning systems. Yet standard training methods for deep networks often suffer from catastrophic forgetting, where learning new tasks erases knowledge…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-07-12 Sebastian Lee , Sebastian Goldt , Andrew Saxe

This position paper outlines the potential of AutoML for incremental (continual) learning to encourage more research in this direction. Incremental learning involves incorporating new data from a stream of tasks and distributions to learn…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Mert Kilickaya , Joaquin Vanschoren

A human brain is capable of continual learning by nature; however the current mainstream deep neural networks suffer from a phenomenon named catastrophic forgetting (i.e., learning a new set of patterns suddenly and completely would result…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-11 Zhenfeng Cao

Conventional deep learning models have limited capacity in learning multiple tasks sequentially. The issue of forgetting the previously learned tasks in continual learning is known as catastrophic forgetting or interference. When the input…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Honglin Li , Payam Barnaghi , Shirin Enshaeifar , Frieder Ganz

The "small agent, big world" frame offers a conceptual view that motivates the need for continual learning. The idea is that a small agent operating in a much bigger world cannot store all information that the world has to offer. To perform…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Saurabh Kumar , Hong Jun Jeon , Alex Lewandowski , Benjamin Van Roy

Continual learning aims to sequentially learn new tasks without forgetting previous tasks' knowledge (catastrophic forgetting). One factor that can cause forgetting is the interference between the gradients on losses from different tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Xueying Bai , Jinghuan Shang , Yifan Sun , Niranjan Balasubramanian

Some real-world domains are best characterized as a single task, but for others this perspective is limiting. Instead, some tasks continually grow in complexity, in tandem with the agent's competence. In continual learning, also referred to…

Humans and animals learn throughout life. Such continual learning is crucial for intelligence. In this chapter, we examine the pivotal role plasticity mechanisms with complex internal synaptic dynamics could play in enabling this ability in…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-21 Friedemann Zenke , Axel Laborieux

Deep artificial neural networks famously struggle to learn from non-stationary streams of data. Without dedicated mitigation strategies, continual learning is associated with continuous forgetting of previous tasks and a progressive loss of…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-12-29 Suzanne van der Veldt , Gido M. van de Ven , Sanne Moorman , Guillaume Etter

Contemporary machine learning paradigm excels in statistical data analysis, solving problems that classical AI couldn't. However, it faces key limitations, such as a lack of integration with planning, incomprehensible internal structure,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Zeki Doruk Erden , Boi Faltings

By learning a sequence of tasks continually, an agent in continual learning (CL) can improve the learning performance of both a new task and `old' tasks by leveraging the forward knowledge transfer and the backward knowledge transfer,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-03 Sen Lin , Li Yang , Deliang Fan , Junshan Zhang

Humans excel at continually acquiring, consolidating, and retaining information from an ever-changing environment, whereas artificial neural networks (ANNs) exhibit catastrophic forgetting. There are considerable differences in the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-17 Fahad Sarfraz , Elahe Arani , Bahram Zonooz

Compared with traditional deep learning techniques, continual learning enables deep neural networks to learn continually and adaptively. Deep neural networks have to learn new tasks and overcome forgetting the knowledge obtained from the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Yujiang He

Continual learning (CL) refers to a machine learning paradigm that learns continuously without forgetting previously acquired knowledge. Thereby, major difficulty in CL is catastrophic forgetting of preceding tasks, caused by shifts in data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Stella Ho , Ming Liu , Lan Du , Longxiang Gao , Yong Xiang

Lifelong learning - an agent's ability to learn throughout its lifetime - is a hallmark of biological learning systems and a central challenge for artificial intelligence (AI). The development of lifelong learning algorithms could lead to a…

An important long-term goal in machine learning systems is to build learning agents that, like humans, can learn many tasks over their lifetime, and moreover use information from these tasks to improve their ability to do so efficiently. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-07-03 Maria-Florina Balcan , Avrim Blum , Vaishnavh Nagarajan

Modern machine learning models are deployed in diverse, non-stationary environments where they must continually adapt to new tasks and evolving knowledge. Continual fine-tuning and in-context learning are costly and brittle, whereas neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Max S. Bennett , Thomas P. Zollo , Richard Zemel

Continual learning denotes machine learning methods which can adapt to new environments while retaining and reusing knowledge gained from past experiences. Such methods address two issues encountered by models in non-stationary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-28 J. Armstrong , D. Clifton

Adapting to task changes without forgetting previous knowledge is a key skill for intelligent systems, and a crucial aspect of lifelong learning. Swarm controllers, however, are typically designed for specific tasks, lacking the ability to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Lorenzo Leuzzi , Simon Jones , Sabine Hauert , Davide Bacciu , Andrea Cossu