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We study a class of classification problems best exemplified by the \emph{bank loan} problem, where a lender decides whether or not to issue a loan. The lender only observes whether a customer will repay a loan if the loan is issued to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Aldo Pacchiano , Shaun Singh , Edward Chou , Alexander C. Berg , Jakob Foerster

Banks utilize credit scoring as an important indicator of financial strength and eligibility for credit. Scoring models aim to assign statistical odds or probabilities for predicting if there is a risk of nonpayment in relation to many…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2023-03-10 Oguz Koc , Omur Ugur , A. Sevtap Kestel

Online lending, a phenomenon which is becoming mainstream due to the migration of consumer finance to the Internet and the adoption of AI based lending models, is an example of learning by doing. This paper studies optimal policies for a…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-11-18 Mendelson Haim , Zhu Mingxi

With the increasing complexity and scope of software systems, their dependability is crucial. The analysis of log data recorded during system execution can enable engineers to automatically predict failures at run time. Several Machine…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Fatemeh Hadadi , Joshua H. Dawes , Donghwan Shin , Domenico Bianculli , Lionel Briand

Credit scoring models based on accepted applications may be biased and their consequences can have a statistical and economic impact. Reject inference is the process of attempting to infer the creditworthiness status of the rejected…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2021-09-27 Rogelio A. Mancisidor , Michael Kampffmeyer , Kjersti Aas , Robert Jenssen

The deployment of AI systems in safety-critical domains, such as industrial defect inspection, autonomous driving, and medical diagnosis, is severely hampered by their lack of reliability. A single undetected erroneous prediction can lead…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Hang-Cheng Dong , Yuhao Jiang , Yibo Jiao , Lu Zou , Kai Zheng , Bingguo Liu , Dong Ye , Guodong Liu

Deploying machine learning in regulated financial environments -- credit risk, fraud detection, and anti-money laundering -- exposes critical vulnerabilities in algorithmic reproducibility. While early financial ML addressed statistical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Ruizhe Zhou , Xiaoyang Liu , Gaoyuan Du , Yi Zheng , Shouxi Ren , Deepayan Chakrabarti , Dengdu Jiang

Credit risk modelling is an integral part of the global financial system. While there has been great attention paid to neural network models for credit default prediction, such models often lack the required interpretation mechanisms and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-06-18 Rendani Mbuvha , Illyes Boulkaibet , Tshilidzi Marwala

Prediction of post-loan default is an important task in credit risk management, and can be addressed by detection of financial anomalies using machine learning. This study introduces a ResE-BiLSTM model, using a sliding window technique,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Yue Yang , Yuxiang Lin , Ying Zhang , Zihan Su , Chang Chuan Goh , Tangtangfang Fang , Anthony Graham Bellotti , Boon Giin Lee

Credit scoring is a major application of machine learning for financial institutions to decide whether to approve or reject a credit loan. For sake of reliability, it is necessary for credit scoring models to be both accurate and globally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-25 Qiang Liu , Zhaocheng Liu , Haoli Zhang , Yuntian Chen , Jun Zhu

In many machine learning applications, there are multiple decision-makers involved, both automated and human. The interaction between these agents often goes unaddressed in algorithmic development. In this work, we explore a simple version…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-09-10 David Madras , Toniann Pitassi , Richard Zemel

Learning with rejection (LWR) allows development of machine learning systems with the ability to discard low confidence decisions generated by a prediction model. That is, just like human experts, LWR allows machine models to abstain from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Amina Asif , Fayyaz ul Amir Afsar Minhas

Credit scoring is an essential tool used by global financial institutions and credit lenders for financial decision making. In this paper, we introduce a new method based on Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) to forecast the probability of…

General Economics · Economics 2020-11-17 Hamidreza Arian , Seyed Mohammad Sina Seyfi , Azin Sharifi

Deep learning adoption in the financial services industry has been limited due to a lack of model interpretability. However, several techniques have been proposed to explain predictions made by a neural network. We provide an initial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-04 Ceena Modarres , Mark Ibrahim , Melissa Louie , John Paisley

In this paper, we performs a credit risk analysis, on the data of past loan applicants of a company named Lending Club. The calculation required the use of exploratory data analysis and machine learning classification algorithms, namely,…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2022-10-12 Aadi Gupta , Priya Gulati , Siddhartha P. Chakrabarty

Reliably predicting potential failure risks of machine learning (ML) systems when deployed with production data is a crucial aspect of trustworthy AI. This paper introduces Risk Advisor, a novel post-hoc meta-learner for estimating failure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Preethi Lahoti , Krishna P. Gummadi , Gerhard Weikum

Accurate prediction of loan defaults is a central challenge in credit risk management, particularly in modern financial datasets characterised by nonlinear relationships, class imbalance, and evolving borrower behaviour. Traditional…

The primary aim of this research was to find a model that best predicts which fallen angel bonds would either potentially rise up back to investment grade bonds and which ones would fall into bankruptcy. To implement the solution, we…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2022-12-12 Harrison Mateika , Juannan Jia , Linda Lillard , Noah Cronbaugh , Will Shin

Recent literature implements machine learning techniques to assess corporate credit rating based on financial statement reports. In this work, we analyze the performance of four neural network architectures (MLP, CNN, CNN2D, LSTM) in…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2020-03-06 Parisa Golbayani , Dan Wang , Ionut Florescu

Algorithms are increasingly common components of high-impact decision-making, and a growing body of literature on adversarial examples in laboratory settings indicates that standard machine learning models are not robust. This suggests that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-11-28 Suproteem K. Sarkar , Kojin Oshiba , Daniel Giebisch , Yaron Singer