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We derive rigorous bounds on the error resulting from the approximation of the solution of parametric hyperbolic scalar conservation laws with ReLU neural networks. We show that the approximation error can be made as small as desired with…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-07-18 Tim De Ryck , Siddhartha Mishra

This paper proves an abstract theorem addressing in a unified manner two important problems in function approximation: avoiding curse of dimensionality and estimating the degree of approximation for out-of-sample extension in manifold…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Hrushikesh N. Mhaskar

This paper studies the approximation capacity of ReLU neural networks with norm constraint on the weights. We prove upper and lower bounds on the approximation error of these networks for smooth function classes. The lower bound is derived…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Yuling Jiao , Yang Wang , Yunfei Yang

While deep learning is successful in a number of applications, it is not yet well understood theoretically. A satisfactory theoretical characterization of deep learning however, is beginning to emerge. It covers the following questions: 1)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-27 Tomaso Poggio , Andrzej Banburski , Qianli Liao

A new network with super approximation power is introduced. This network is built with Floor ($\lfloor x\rfloor$) or ReLU ($\max\{0,x\}$) activation function in each neuron and hence we call such networks Floor-ReLU networks. For any…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Zuowei Shen , Haizhao Yang , Shijun Zhang

This paper studies the approximation capacity of neural networks with an arbitrary activation function and with norm constraint on the weights. Upper and lower bounds on the approximation error of these networks are computed for smooth…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-12-24 Francesco Paolo Maiale , Anastasiia Trofimova , Arturo De Marinis

In this paper we investigate the family of functions representable by deep neural networks (DNN) with rectified linear units (ReLU). We give an algorithm to train a ReLU DNN with one hidden layer to *global optimality* with runtime…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-01 Raman Arora , Amitabh Basu , Poorya Mianjy , Anirbit Mukherjee

This paper establishes the nearly optimal rate of approximation for deep neural networks (DNNs) when applied to Korobov functions, effectively overcoming the curse of dimensionality. The approximation results presented in this paper are…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-11-09 Yahong Yang , Yulong Lu

We study the computation complexity of deep ReLU (Rectified Linear Unit) neural networks for the approximation of functions from the H\"older-Zygmund space of mixed smoothness defined on the $d$-dimensional unit cube when the dimension $d$…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-07-26 Dinh Dũng , Van Kien Nguyen

Recently, several deep learning (DL) methods for approximating high-dimensional partial differential equations (PDEs) have been proposed. The interest that these methods have generated in the literature is in large part due to simulations…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-04-30 Julia Ackermann , Arnulf Jentzen , Thomas Kruse , Benno Kuckuck , Joshua Lee Padgett

We propose a deep neural network architecture for storing approximate Lyapunov functions of systems of ordinary differential equations. Under a small-gain condition on the system, the number of neurons needed for an approximation of a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-05-20 Lars Grüne

An approach to construct explicit integral representations for two-layer ReLU networks is presented, which provides relatively simple representations for any multivariate polynomial. Quantitative bounds are provided for a particular,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-13 Anthony Lee

Inspired by the Kolmogorov-Arnold superposition theorem, Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KANs) have recently emerged as an improved backbone for most deep learning frameworks, promising more adaptivity than their multilayer perceptron (MLP)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Anastasis Kratsios , Bum Jun Kim , Takashi Furuya

Universal approximation theorems provide a mathematical explanation for the expressive power of neural networks. They assert that, under mild conditions on the activation function, feedforward neural networks are dense in broad function…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Soumendu Sundar Mukherjee , Himasish Talukdar

We contribute to a better understanding of the class of functions that can be represented by a neural network with ReLU activations and a given architecture. Using techniques from mixed-integer optimization, polyhedral theory, and tropical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Christoph Hertrich , Amitabh Basu , Marco Di Summa , Martin Skutella

In studying the expressiveness of neural networks, an important question is whether there are functions which can only be approximated by sufficiently deep networks, assuming their size is bounded. However, for constant depths, existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-29 Gal Vardi , Ohad Shamir

Deep learning algorithms have been successfully applied to numerically solve linear Kolmogorov partial differential equations~(PDEs). A recent research shows that if the initial functions are bounded, the empirical risk minimization (ERM)…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-06-25 Jichang Xiao , Xiaoqun Wang

A key challenge in scientific machine learning is solving partial differential equations (PDEs) on complex domains, where the curved geometry complicates the approximation of functions and their derivatives required by differential…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-09-26 Hanfei Zhou , Lei Shi

The purpose of this article is to develop a machinery to study the capacity of deep neural networks (DNNs) to approximate high-dimensional functions. In particular, we show that DNNs have the expressive power to overcome the curse of…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-04-30 Pierfrancesco Beneventano , Patrick Cheridito , Robin Graeber , Arnulf Jentzen , Benno Kuckuck

We derive upper bounds on the complexity of ReLU neural networks approximating the solution maps of parametric partial differential equations. In particular, without any knowledge of its concrete shape, we use the inherent…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-05-15 Gitta Kutyniok , Philipp Petersen , Mones Raslan , Reinhold Schneider